Introduction: Existing data regarding the relative position of the various bony landmarks of the orbit suggest that the position of these landmarks may vary depending on the racial population studied. The present study will provide useful baseline orbital morphometric data in Eastern Indian population. Aim: To study the morphometric data of the different orbital dimensions, fissures and foramens of dry skulls in Eastern Indian region. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the department of Anatomy, of a Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India from January 2016 to June 2020. Total 101 adult dry skulls (71 male and 30 female) collected from the departments of Anatomy of four medical colleges were included in the study. Orbital height, breadth, index, distance between Supraorbital Notch/foramen (SON) to Superior Orbital Fissure distance (SOF), the Anterior Lacrimal Crest (ALC) to Posterior Lacrimal Crest (PLC), ALC to the medial border of the optic canal, orbital floor and lateral wall were measured. Results: Based on Orbital Index (OI) 39.12% skulls were found to be in mesoseme, 50.5% in microseme and 10.4% in megaseme category, both genders taken together. The mean SON to SOF distance was 42.48 mm in males and 41.52 mm in females. Mean Infraorbital Foramen (IF) to Inferior Orbital Fissure (IOF) distance was 22.4 mm in males and 22.26 mm in females. Average Frontozygomatic Suture (FZ) to Inferior Orbital Fissure (IOF) was 24.35 mm whereas it was 32.97 mm for the ALC to Optic canal (OC) distance. Conclusion: Most of the skulls studies belonged to the microseme category. Orbital height and breadth were significantly higher in males compared to females.
Introduction: Studies are being conducted to correlate second (2D) to fourth digit (4D) length ratio as an anthropometric marker of prenatal sex steroid exposure with human body. As 2nd digit: 4th digit(2D:4D)ratio is an anthropometric window into the interplay of sex hormones in-utero, this tool may be tested to note if there is any correlation between the sexual dimorphism of axial length and the Digit length ratio. Aim: To find a correlation between digit length ratio (2D:4D) with physical parameters like height, BMI and axial length of eyeball in the adult population of South Bengal presenting in a tertiary care hospital, in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was conducted on 500 patients (age ≥20 years) from March 2016 to February 2017 in the Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology Out Patients Department (OPD) of a tertiary care Hospital and Medical College in West Bengal, India. Height, weight, axial length of eyeball were measured and the BMI was computed for the study population. Statistical analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 16.0. Unpaired t-test was used for determining possible group differences in 2D:4D length ratios. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to find a correlation between second and fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) with height, BMI and axial length of eyeball in the study population. The p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study included 280 males and 220 females with a minimum age above 20 years and most of the patients belonged to the age group of 50-69 years. A 2D:4D length ratio was significantly lower in males compared to females (For Right hand t=34.91, p<0.001, and for left hand t=14.30, p<0.001). Correlation analysis of 2D:4D length ratio of right and left hands with height of males revealed significant negative correlation (Right hand: r=-0.679, p<0.001; Left hand: r=-0.0463, p<0.001). In females, the result was positively significant for both hands (Right hand: r=0.313, p<0.05; left hand: r=0.21, p<0.05). A 2D:4D length ratio and BMI of males showed significant positive correlation for both Right hand (r=0.18, p<0.05) as well as for the left hand (r=0.137 p<0.05). In case of females, however 2D:4D ratio and BMI showed weakly negative correlation for both hands but the values were not significant. Correlation of 2D:4D length ratio of right and left hands on axial length of eyeball in males revealed significant negative correlation (right hand: r=-0.706, p<0.001; left hand: r=-0.25, p<0.05) but in females, there was significant positive correlation for the right hand (r=0.145, p <0.05*) and positive but non-significant correlation for the left hand at 95% CI (r=0.087, p>0.05) Conclusion: In this study, we have tried to establish that 2D:4D ratio (which is significantly higher in females) can be used as a putative non-invasive anthropometric marker to differentiate between males and females, which presumably is prenatally determined by in-utero sex steroid hormone exposure. By correlation studies, we have also tried to prove that this parameter correlates well with other anthropometric measurements like height, BMI and ocular axial length which are already known to be significantly different in males and females
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