Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017 Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low-and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. Gains in child survival have long served as an important proxy measure for improvements in overall population health and development 1,2. Global progress in reducing child deaths has been heralded as one of the greatest success stories of global health 3. The annual global number of deaths of children under 5 years of age (under 5) 4 has declined from 19.6 million in 1950 to 5.4 million in 2017. Nevertheless, these advances in child survival have been far from universally achieved, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) 4. Previous subnational child mortality assessments at the first (that is, states or provinces) or second (that is, districts or counties) administrative level indicate that extensive geographical inequalities persist 5-7. Progress in child survival also diverges across age groups 4. Global reductions in mortality rates of children under 5-that is, the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)-among post-neonatal age groups are greater than those for mortality of neonates (0-28 days) 4,8. It is relatively unclear how these age patterns are shifting at a more local scale, posing challenges to ensuring child survival. To pursue the ambitious Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations 9 to "end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5" by 2030, it is vital for decision-makers at all levels to better understand where, and at what ages, child survival remains most tenuous.

BACKGROUND: In this study, highly visible-light photoactive nitrogen and sulfur co-doped TiO 2 (N,S-TiO 2 ) nanoparticles and nanosheets were synthesized via facile sol-gel and hydrothermal methods, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of N,S-TiO 2 catalysts were evaluated by degradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NPX), under simulated solar irradiation. RESULTS:The N,S-TiO 2 nanoparticle is a well-developed mesoporous structure that contains both anatase and rutile phases and a large BET surface area (132 m 2 g −1 ). N,S-TiO 2 nanosheets contain a complete anatase phase with a larger mesoporous structure and a smaller BET surface area (64 m 2 g −1 ). The results showed that at catalyst loading of 2.0 g L −1 and pH 6, N,S-TiO 2 nanoparticles can degrade 85% and 99.3% of IBP and NPX. At the same conditions, 71.6% of IBP and 99.1% of NPX were degraded by N,S-TiO 2 nanosheets in this study. CONCLUSION:The high photocatalytic activity of N,S-TiO 2 may be due to synergistic effects of nitrogen and sulfur co-doping into TiO 2 , resulting in better separation of photogenerated electrons and holes and higher-visible light adsorption. Reusability tests of N,S-TiO 2 showed that it could retain its catalytic activity even after six cycles.

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