A adolescência é marcada por transformações e exposição a diversas situações e riscos para a saúde. O estudo atual estima a prevalência dos principais fatores de risco e proteção à saúde dos adolescentes entrevistados em 2009 na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). A PeNSE, parceria do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) com o Ministério da Saúde, usou questionário autoaplicável em palmtop coletando informação de 60.973 estudantes em 1.453 escolas públicas privadas nas 27 capitais. RESULTADOS: consumo de alimentos em cinco dias ou mais na semana: 62,6% comem feijão, apenas 31,5% consomem frutas, 58,3% comem guloseimas e 37% tomam refrigerantes; 43,1% dos alunos são suficientemente ativos fisicamente e 79,5% gastam mais de duas horas diárias em frente à TV. Em relação a tabaco e drogas: 6,3% são fumantes atuais, 71,4% dos alunos disseram já ter experimentado alguma bebida alcoólica. O consumo atual de bebida alcoólica foi de 27% e as drogas ilícitas foram usadas alguma vez na vida em 8,7%. Esses dados geram evidências para orientar a implementação de políticas públicas e realizar ações para minimizar a exposição de fatores de risco dos adolescentes brasileiros.

ABSTRACT:Objective: To evaluate the association between the consumption of psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs) and demographic variables, mental health and family context among school-aged children. Methods: The National Adolescent School-based Health Survey was held with a national sample of 109,104 students. Data regarding demographic variables, family background and mental health were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of interest. Results: Multivariate analyses showed that alcohol consumption was higher among girls, drug experimentation was more frequent among boys and that there was no difference between sexes for smoking. Being younger and mulatto were negatively associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Also negatively associated with such risk behaviors were characteristics of the family context represented by: living with parents, having meals together and parental supervision (when parents know what the child does in their free time). Moreover, characteristics of mental health such as loneliness and insomnia were positively associated with use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Not having friends was positively associated with use of tobacco and illicit drugs and negatively associated with alcohol use. Conclusions: The study shows the protective effect of family supervision in the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs and, on the contrary, the increasing use of substances according to aspects of mental health, such as loneliness, insomnia and the fact of not having friends. The study's findings may support actions from health and education professionals, as well as from the government and families in order to prevent the use of these substances by adolescents.

ABSTRACT:Objective: To estimate the prevalence of bullying from the victim's perspective in Brazilian school children and to analyze its association with individual and family context variables. Methods: An analysis of the data on 109,104 adolescents, obtained by the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey, held in schools in 2012, was carried out. An association model between bullying and explanatory variables was tested in different contexts: sociodemographic, risk behaviors, mental health and family context. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed, calculating the Odds Ratio and confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of bullying found in this study was of 7.2% (95%CI 6.6 -7.8). A higher chance of bullying was found among male students (OR = 1.58; 95%CI 1.51 -1.66), with an inverse relation between age and bullying, with the magnitude of risk among adolescents younger than 13 years of age being higher when compared to those with 16 years of age or more. Of individual risk behaviors, only being a smoker remained in the final model (OR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.01 -1.23). Mental health variables associated with bullying were: feeling lonely (OR = 2.66; 95%CI 2.52 -2.81), insomnia (OR = 1.92; 95%CI 1.80 -2.05), not having friends (OR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.54 -1.89), and, in the family context, those who skip class without telling their parents (OR = 1.13; 95%CI 1,07 -1,19) and those who suffer physical abuse by family members (OR = 2.03; 95%CI 1.91 -2.146). Conclusion: Bullying was associated to male students, younger, of black color, smokers, with mental health vulnerabilities and victims of domestic violence. This suggests the need for a holistic approach from education and health professionals, parents and the community in seeking measures for the prevention of bullying.

In the Brazilian capitals, the vast majority of prevalence of risk factors were kept stable in the two editions of the National Survey of School. These data generate evidence to guide the implementation of public policies to minimize the exposure of adolescents to risk factors.

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