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The consolidation of the welfare state in Europe after World War II allowed for the development of adult education programmes aimed at social inclusion, economic growth and democratic citizenship. Lifelong education, proposed by UNESCO (1970s), allowed countries to build adult education policies combining the needs of economic growth and increasing democratic social demands, based on adults' emancipation. In the last two decades, the European Union (EU) orientation for lifelong learning has stressed the formation of education and training to prepare workers to be more productive, and the creation of partnership (public/private) provision, according to managerial rules and procedures. These two distinct political approaches have influenced the evolution of adult education in Portugal. In this paper we argue that the civil society organisations (CSOs) of Portugal today are trapped within a set of technical procedures that have been established in the name of lifelong learning and that EU programmes have made it very difficult for CSOs to escape national state control. This situation impedes innovative and alternative attempts to promote social emancipation.

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RESUMO: Neste artigo pretendemos refletir criticamente sobre os significados da empregabilidade e o papel que o ensino superior (ES) poderá ter na sua promoção. Analisamos dados de um projeto europeu considerando as perceções de estudantes e graduados, empregadores e acadêmicos. Os resultados mostram que estudantes, graduados e empregadores internalizaram uma visão dominante de empregabilidade (contrariamente aos acadêmicos) que implica considerar o ES como responsável pela empregabilidade. Indicam, também, que para os acadêmicos é crucial a ideia de que as instituições de ES não devem estar ao serviço do mercado de trabalho, mas sim das sociedades. Os grupos inquiridos estão de acordo em que apoiar os estudantes na transição para o emprego é um objetivo instrumental importante.

In this paper we present results based on the project Old Guys Say Yes to Community. We interviewed 90 men in southern Portugal between 60 and 93 years of age. Our main aim was to understand how older men experienced their transitions from work to retirement. We clarify the concept of transition and the models that explain transitions in the life course perspective. There are a number of factors to consider during the processes of retirement. Also, not much is known about the role of education and learning during the transition process. We try to contribute to the field, reflecting on the learning processes that result from this transition. Our findings show that work is one of the most crucial dimensions to consider in transitions to retirement (despite the fact that we identify many others). But education and learning do have an immense impact on the lives of older adults, either negative or positive.