We describe a late Miocene to early Pliocene axial drainage system in the East Carpathian foreland, which was an important sediment supplier to the Black Sea and the Dacian Basin. Its existence explains the striking progradation of the northwest Black Sea shelf prior to the onset of sediment supply from the continental-scale Danube River in the late Pliocene to Pleistocene. This axial drainage system evolved due to the diachronous along-strike evolution of the Carpathians and their foreland; continental collision, overfilling, slab breakoff, and subsequent exhumation of the foreland occurred earlier in the West Carpathians than in the East Carpathians. After overfilling of the western foreland, excess sediment was transferred along the basin axis, giving rise to a 300-km-wide by 800-km-long, southeast-prograding river-shelf-slope system with a sediment flux of ~12 × 103 km3/m.y. Such late-stage axial sediment systems often develop in foreland basins, in particular, where orogenesis is diachronous along strike. Substantial lateral sediment transport thus needs to be taken into account, even though evidence of these axial systems is often eroded following slab breakoff and inversion of their foreland basins.
This paper studies the Porat Formation (Fm.), which was deposited along the NE margin of the Dacian Basin part of the East Carpathian foreland (ECF) during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. We use a review of stratigraphic data in combination with lithofacies and sedimentary architecture analysis to interpret the Porat Fm. as a large sandy alluvial basin infill with an aggradational structure, consisting of cyclic successions of shallow sandy high-energy braided rivers. Aggradation of the Porat Fan was governed by subsidence of the Dacian Basin, along with a northerly supply of water and sediment from the Carpathians. Along the southern margin of the area the fan entered the Reni–Izmail-Trough, which formed the periodically active gateway between the Black Sea and Dacian basins. Along this trough, the Porat Fm. is developed in a different facies, discerned as the Dolynske Member (Mb. 1), which accumulated in the channel of a large river interpreted as the paleo-Danube. According to mammal stratigraphy of the Porat Fm. this continental-scale river had reached the area by the Gelasian to early Calabrian. The Porat alluvial infill indicates a stable water supply from the Carpathians, which explains the ecologically mixed fauna in its deposits: moistened forested alluvial plain-valleys were present between the zonally semi-arid steppe interfluves. The Porat Fm. and the previously studied late Miocene Balta Fm. are key elements for further in-depth study of the terrestrial evolution (tectonic–sedimentary–relief) of the ECF and north-western Black Sea coastal regions.
<p>The Carpathian orogen is part of the Alpine-Himalayan collision zone and formed as the result of the collision of the Tisza-Dacia and ALCAPA mega-units with the European southern margin, following a protracted phase of subduction, slab roll-back and accretionary wedge formation. The foreland basin of the East Carpathians is 800 km long and stretches out across Poland, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. We use the results of our intensive field research to unravel the sedimentary architecture of this basin and reveal how it responded to the final phases of foreland vergent thrusting, continental collision and subsequent slab detachment. We discuss the asymmetry in the basins evolution and eventual inversion and relate this to the diachronous evolution of the Carpathian orogen. We also address the impact of changing subsidence patterns and base-level changes on connectivity with the Central and Eastern Paratethys, important for faunal exchange and patterns of endemism. We finally show that continental collision led to the establishment of a Late Miocene NW-SE prograding axial drainage system in the foreland supplying abundant sediment to the NW Black Sea, thus triggering large-scale shelf edge progradation.</p>
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