A produção de mudas é uma das fases mais importantes do cultivo de espécies arbóreas, sendo essa fase fundamental para o desenvolvimento adequado dessas espécies. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a absorção de nutrientes em mudas de mogno sob o efeito de doses crescentes de corretivo. O experimento foi conduzido no período de setembro de 2002 a agosto de 2003. Os tratamentos foram doses crescentes de uma mistura de carbonato de cálcio e carbonato de magnésio p.a., na proporção de 4:1, em doses equivalentes a 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 5,0 t/ha. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, num total de 35 parcelas, cada formada por 3 plantas. O substrato foi adubado com doses equivalentes a 200-500-300 kg.ha -1 de N, P 2 O 5 e K 2 O, respectivamente e 15 kg.ha -1 de micronutrientes FTE-Br12. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram: altura, diâmetro do colo, matéria seca da parte aérea, raiz e total, relação parte aérea/raiz. Determinaram-se os teores de nutrientes da parte aérea, raiz e total, e em função desta última, estimaram-se os conteúdos. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A calagem afetou todas as características de crescimento, exceto a altura. O requerimento nutricional obedeceu à ordem decrescente de K>N>Ca>Mg>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. A dose de 0,5 t/ha mostrou-se mais vantajosa economicamente e pode ser recomendada quando se utiliza subsolo ácido e de baixa fertilidade natural como substrato. PALAVRAS-CHAVECalagem, substrato, mogno. August 2003. The treatments were, 0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 5.0 Growing doses of liming on mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seedling formation 1 ABSTRACT Seedling production is one of the more important phases on the cultivation of trees, with this phase being essential for their appropriate development. The study had the objective of evaluating the growth and the absorption of nutrients in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seedling under the effect of corrective growing doses. The experiment was carried out from September 2002 to
-This study evaluated the compatibility of crosses between C. chinense and C. annuum and the seed vigor and germination of interspecific hybrids. Twenty-one accessions of C. chinense, used as male parents, were crossed with the cultivar Cascadura Ikeda (C. annuum) as female parent in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replications. Fruit setting was evaluated in 30 flowers per plot. Seed germination and hybrid vigor were analyzed using CRD with four replications and plots of 16 seeds. All interspecific crosses produced fruit, at fruit set rates between 8.9% and 40.0%. In a first count, germination ranged from 0.0% to 45.3% and in the second from 0.0% to 87.5%. The conclusion was drawn that it is possible to obtain fruit and viable seeds in interspecific crosses of C. chinense with C. annuum.
Under natural conditions the germination of oil palm seeds may take years, and it is usually uneven and has a very low rate. To increase the germination rate it is necessary to break the dormancy, through heat-treatment (HT). In the germination of oil palm seeds produced by Embrapa Western Amazon the HT used is at 40 °C during 80 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periods of 40, 50, 60 and 80 days of HT at 40 °C on seeds germination of six oil palm cultivars BRS C2001, BRS C2328, BRS C2501, BRS C2528, BRS C3701 and BRS C7201. The statistical design was randomized block, 6 x 4 factorial, with four replications of 500 seeds each. The minimum HT period for maximum germination ranged from 45 days for BRS C2328 (70%) to 80 days for BRS C2528 (84%). For BRS C7201 was not observed significant effect of the HT period for seed germination, estimated as 82%. The maximum germination of oil palm seeds varies with the duration of heat treatment. With the exception of cultivar BRS C2528, heat treatment may be less than 80 days.
RESUMO -O taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) é uma espécie frutífera bastante apreciada no Norte e Nordeste do País. Porém, alguns problemas fitotécnicos ainda persistem, dentre os quais a germinação irregular e distribuída ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características de germinação das sementes, indicando algumas causas que contribuem para a baixa germinação das sementes, além de contribuir com a produção de mudas de boa qualidade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido sob condições ambientais no Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Os endocarpos foram colocados para secar ao ambiente e, após 24 horas, foram determinadas as massas de 20 endocarpos e, posteriormente, colocados para germinar; a cada cinco dias, este procedimento foi repetido por um período de 135 dias. As sementes de taperebá não perdem a viabilidade quando colocadas para secar ao ambiente por 135 dias. O período de dessecamento das sementes diminuiu o tempo médio de germinação. Os endocarpos de taperebá são euricárpicos, cada endocarpo contém 1 a 4 sementes viáveis. A germinação do taperebá é do tipo epígeo fanerocotiledonar. A protrusão da raiz primária e do hipocótilo ocorre na parte truncada do endocarpo. De cada endocarpo, pode germinar mais de uma semente ao mesmo tempo, porém apenas uma raiz principal se desenvolve. Termos para indexação: Spondias mombin L., tempo médio de germinação, morfologia, ABSTRACT -Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) is a fruit species very appreciated in northern and northeastern Brazil. However, a few phytotechnical problems still persist, such as irregular and distributed germination along the time. The aim of the present paper was to study seed germination characteristics by pointing out some causes, which contribute for poor seed germination, as well as providing useful information for producing high quality seeds. The present study was carried out under environmental conditions at the Biological Science Institute in the Federal University of Amazonas. The endocarps were put to dry in the open air. After 24 h the masses of 20 endocarps were determined and then put to germinate; this procedure was repeated every five days for 135 days. Taperebá seeds lost no viability when put to dry in the air for 135 days. The seeds drying period diminished its average germination time. Taperebá endocarps are eurocarpic, each one containing from 1 to 4 viable seeds. Taperebá germination is the epigeous fanerocotiledonar type. Radicle and hypocotyls protrusion takes place on the truncated portion of the endocarp. More than one seed can germinate at the same time from the endocarp, yet only one main root will develop.
RESUMO -Este experimento foi conduzido em um sistema multiextratado em Manaus -Amazonas com a finalidade de estudar o crescimento e a maturação de frutos e de sementes de urucum (Bixa orellana L.). No período de máxima floração foram marcadas cerca de 1.500 flores e, a partir desta data, uma vez por semana, colhiam-se ao acaso 45 frutos, até a idade em que os frutos atingiram a maturidade de colheita, totalizando 12 coletas. Em cada colheita, foi realizada uma descrição detalhada do estádio de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Também foi determinada a matéria seca dos frutos e das sementes; comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos; comprimento, diâmetro, umidade, viabilidade e vigor das sementes. As sementes de urucum começam a germinar aos 62 dias após a antese, quando alcançam 62,5% da matéria seca total. O crescimento das sementes com relação ao acúmulo de matéria seca apresentou um padrão sigmoidal e atingiu o valor máximo de matéria seca aos 76 dias após a antese. Nesta fase, as sementes estão com a máxima germinação e vigor, com a área da calaza circundada por anel lilás e funículo marrom e os frutos mudam de coloração de vermelha para tons amarelados caracterizando o ponto de maturidade fisiológica.Termos para indexação: Bixa orellana, sistemas agroflorestais, qualidade fisiológica. GROWTH AND MATURATION OF URUCUM FRUITS SEEDSABSTRACT -This experiment was carried out in a multistratum system in Manaus -Amazonas with the purpose to study the growth and maturation of annato fruits and seeds (Bixa orellana L.) cultivated in this system. At the maxim blooming stage about 1.500 flowers were marked. From this stage on, 45 fruits were picked at random once a week. This was done until the fruits reached the maturation stage, totalizing 12 collections. A detailed description was made of the fruit development stage in every collection. The fruit and seed dry matter, fruit length and diameter and seed length, diameter, moisture, viability and vigor were also determined. The annato seed begins to germinate on the 62 nd day after anthesis, when it attains 62.5% maximum dry matter. About the growth of the seeds related to the dry matter a sigmoid behavior was observed, with its three distinct phases, reaching a maximum dry matter value on the 76 th day after anthesis. In this phase, the seeds reached the maximum germination and vigor stage, and the fruits were turning from reddish to yellowish hues and seeds had lilac colored chalazae part and brown funiculum, which characterizes physiological maturation.
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