Here we describe the properties of CP-154,526, a potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of corticotropin (ACTH) releasing factor (CRF) receptors. CP-154,526 binds with high affinity to CRF receptors (K; < 10 nM) and blocks CRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes prepared from rat cortex and pituitary. Systemically administered CP-154,526 antagonizes the stimulatory effects of exogenous CRF on plasma ACTH, locus coeruleus neuronal firing and startle response amplitude. Potential anxiolytic activity of CP-154,526 was revealed in a fearpotentiated startle paradigm. These data are presented in the context of clinical findings, which suggest that CRF is hypersecreted in certain pathological states. We propose that a CRF antagonist such as CP-154,526 could affirm the role of CRF in certain psychiatric diseases and may be of significant value in the treatment of these disorders.Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid peptide initially identified as a hypothalamic factor responsible for stimulating corticotropin (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary (1, 2). CRF causes a rapid increase in plasma ACTH and glucocorticoid levels when given intravenously (3). Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can also result from release of CRF from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to various stressors (1, 4). In the central nervous system, both CRF-like immunoreactivity and high affinity CRF receptors are heterogeneously distributed in the brain (5, 6). Characterizations of these extrahypothalamic CRF systems demonstrate that, in parallel with its actions on the HPA axis, CRF also acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator to coordinate stress-induced neural responses in the brain (7,8).Intracerebroventricular administration of CRF to rats leads to a constellation of neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral sequelae that include activation of central noradrenergic systems and enhancement of behavioral responses to external stimuli (9-13). In this regard, increases in norepinephrine turnover (10) and in the firing rate of locus coeruleus neurons (13) have been observed following CRF injection. Physiological stressors such as nitroprusside infusions also increase locus coeruleus neuronal firing, an effect blocked by a CRF antagonist (a-helical CRF9-41) and consequently thought to be mediated by endogenous CRF (14,15). The response to hemodynamic stress in this case can be desensitized by chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, suggesting that one possible mode of action of antidepressants might be to alter central CRF neurotransmission (16). In behavioral paradigms, CRF injection i.c.v. produces anxiogenic-like effects in several rodent models (e.g. 17-20). These effects are antagonized by central infusion of peptide antagonists (a-helical CRF9-41 and D-Phe CRF12-41), suggesting the involvement of CRF in anxiety and the utility of CRF antagonists as anxiolytics. The persistence ofbehavioral activation in hypophysectomize...

By utilizing structure-based drug design (SBDD) knowledge, a novel class of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A inhibitors was identified. The structure-based drug design efforts identified a unique "selectivity pocket" for PDE10A inhibitors, and interactions within this pocket allowed the design of highly selective and potent PDE10A inhibitors. Further optimization of brain penetration and drug-like properties led to the discovery of 2-[4-(1-methyl-4-pyridin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-quinoline (PF-2545920). This PDE10A inhibitor is the first reported clinical entry for this mechanism in the treatment of schizophrenia.

No abstract

No abstract

Ifenprodil (1) represents a new class of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. This drug also possesses potent activity at several other brain receptors (most notably alpha 1 adrenergic receptors). We have prepared the enantiomers and diastereomers of ifenprodil along with a series of partial structures in order to explore the basic structure activity relations within this class of compounds. From this study, it is clear that alpha 1 adrenergic and NMDA receptor activities may be separated by selection of the threo relative stereochemistry. Examination of the optical isomers of threo-ifenprodil (2) reveals that no further improvement in receptor selectivity is gained from either antipode. Individual removal of most of the structural fragments from the ifenprodil molecule generally results in less active compounds although fluorinated derivative 9 with threo relative stereochemistry is somewhat more potent and substantially more selective for the NMDA receptor. Finally a minimum structure for activity in this series (14) has been identified. This stripped-down version of ifenprodil possesses nearly equivalent affinity for the NMDA receptor with no selectivity over alpha 1 adrenergic receptors.