Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, with many different histological subtypes. Recent studies have investigated the expression of proliferative markers, but little is known about the expression of metallothioneins (MT) in different histological subtypes of this cancer and their impact on proliferation intensity in BCC. In this study, we examined MT-I/II expression by immunohistochemistry in 58 different histological subtypes of BCC (38 nodular, six adenoid, eight infiltrative, and six metatypic cases) and correlated its expression with tumor size and Ki-67 proliferation rate. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the expression of studied markers in regard to the histological subtype. A positive correlation between MT and Ki-67 expression was observed for all the studied cases (r = 0.26; p = 0.049), but was even stronger in the metatypic subtype of BCC (r = 0.85; p = 0.033). MT and Ki-67 expression did not correlate with tumor size. In conclusion, it seems that metallothioneins may have an impact on the proliferation rate of BCC,but further studies are required to determine whether MT may be a risk factor of recurrences.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, with many different histological subtypes. Recent studies have investigated the expression of proliferative markers, but little is known about the expression of metallothioneins (MT) in different histological subtypes of this cancer and their impact on proliferation intensity in BCC. In this study, we examined MT-I/II expression by immunohistochemistry in 58 different histological subtypes of BCC (38 nodular, six adenoid, eight infiltrative, and six metatypic cases) and correlated its expression with tumor size and Ki-67 proliferation rate. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the expression of studied markers in regard to the histological subtype. A positive correlation between MT and Ki-67 expression was observed for all the studied cases (r = 0.26; p = 0.049), but was even stronger in the metatypic subtype of BCC (r = 0.85; p = 0.033). MT and Ki-67 expression did not correlate with tumor size. In conclusion, it seems that metallothioneins may have an impact on the proliferation rate of BCC, but further studies are required to determine whether MT may be a risk factor of recurrences.
Introduction:The laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is defined as the retrograde flow of gastric contents to the upper respiratory tract causing mucosal damage. Objectives: The study aims to determine the relationship between the incidence of LPR and the presence of benign lesions of the vocal folds. Materials and methods: Using the reflux finding score (RFS), we determined the incidence of the LPR in patients with changes such as Reinke's edema, polyps, and granulomas of the vocal folds. Results: The prevalence of pathologic LPR was 25% in the control group, 81% in the Reinke's edema group, 60% in the vocal folds granulomas group, and 41% in the vocal cord polyps group. The most common manifestation of the LPR in the videolaryngoscopic examination is hypertrophy of the posterior commissure, which is anatomically explained by the closest location to the esophagus.
Conclusion:In conclusion, the LPR might be an etiologic factor in Reinke's edema, polyps, and granulomas of the vocal folds.
Numerous biochemical and electrophysiological studies have determined that the functions of certain receptors and ion channels for which the are in some way aff ected by ethanol. Some of these are involved in the neural control of micturition, and it is therefore possible that ethanol induces urinary retention. Th e aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the concentration of alcohol in the blood and the volume of urine in the bladder measured during autopsy. Th e study was based on autopsy protocol data from 702 people. Th e inclusion criteria were age not exceeding 50 years and a blood alcohol level of at least 0.5 parts per thousand. A correlation between the blood alcohol concentration and a bladder urine volume over 200 ml can be portrayed as part of a range limited by curves asymptotically converging at a value of 3 per mil. Th is phenomenon may be explained by the eff ect that alcohol has on receptors involved in the micturition refl ex, which should typically be engaged at approximately 200 ml of urine in the bladder. Th e lower limit of this range can be explained by GABA-A stimulation as well as the inhibition of NMDA receptors or by decreasing infl ux through calcium channels. Both of these eff ects inhibit the micturition refl ex. However, the upper limit, which indicates reduced urine retention, may be caused by the action of high concentrations of ethanol at the ends of the adrenergic fi bres, causing their dysfunction, or by changes in the intracellular calcium ion concentration.
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