ObjectiveTo identify factors that hinder discussions regarding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) between primary care physicians (PCPs) and their patients in Sweden.SettingPrimary health care centres (PHCCs) in Stockholm, Sweden.SubjectsA total of 59 PCPs.DesignSemi-structured individual and focus-group interviews between 2012 and 2014. Data were analysed inspired by grounded theory methods (GTM).ResultsTime-pressured patient–doctor consultations lead to deprioritization of COPD. During unscheduled visits, deprioritization resulted from focusing only on acute health concerns, while during routine care visits, COPD was deprioritized in multi-morbid patients. The reasons PCPs gave for deprioritizing COPD are: “Not becoming aware of COPD”, “Not becoming concerned due to clinical features”, “Insufficient local routines for COPD care”, “Negative personal attitudes and views about COPD”, “Managing diagnoses one at a time”, and “Perceiving a patient’s motivation as low’’.ConclusionsDe-prioritization of COPD was discovered during PCP consultations and several factors were identified associated with time constraints and multi-morbidity. A holistic consultation approach is suggested, plus extended consultation time for multi-morbid patients, and better documentation and local routines. Key pointsUnder-diagnosis and insufficient management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common in primary health care. A patient–doctor consultation offers a key opportunity to identify and provide COPD care. Time pressure, due to either high number of patients or multi-morbidity, leads to omission or deprioritization of COPD during consultation.Deprioritization occurs due to lack of awareness, concern, and local routines, negative personal views, non-holistic consultation approach, and low patient motivation.Better local routines, extended consultation time, and a holistic approach are needed when managing multi-morbid patients with COPD.

Mental disorders contribute to high rates of sickness absence (SA) and impaired work functioning. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 interventions targeting SA of workers. Participants (n = 352; 78.4% females) of working age with current employment, and SA due to depression, anxiety disorders, or exhaustion disorder, were recruited to the study and randomized to (a) acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), (b) a workplace dialogue intervention (WDI), (c) a combination of ACT and WDI, or (d) treatment as usual (TAU). For SA days, there was a significant interaction effect for the follow-up period, in which ACT + WDI generated more SA compared with TAU. When diagnostic group was included as a moderator, participants with exhaustion disorder had less SA days in the WDI group compared with TAU. For symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress-related ill health, there were significant interaction effects for ACT and ACT + WDI, when compared with TAU, from pre- to postmeasurement (small to moderate between-groups effect sizes). Within-group effect sizes pre- to postmeasurement (Cohen's d) ranged from .55 to 1.17 (ACT), .40 to .94 (WDI), .26 to 1.13 (ACT + WI), and -.06 to .70 (TAU). There were no differences between groups during follow-up for symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record

PurposeCommon mental disorders (CMDs) and musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent in the population and cause significant distress and disability, and high costs to society. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the outcome and comparative effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing sickness absence (SA) due to CMDs or musculoskeletal disorders, compared to a waitlist control group, usual care or another clinical intervention.MethodsWe reviewed 3515 abstracts of randomized controlled trials published from 1998 to 2017. Of these, 30 studies were included in the analysis.ResultsThe psychological interventions were overall more effective than treatment as usual in reducing SA (small effect sizes), but not compared to other clinical interventions. Results were similar for studies on CMDs and musculoskeletal pain. A few significant moderating effects were found for treatment-specific variables. However, these were  difficult to interpret as they pointed in different directions.ConclusionThere was a small but significant effect of psychological treatments in reducing SA. We identified areas of improvement such as methodological problems among the included studies and failure to specifically address RTW in the interventions that were evaluated. Clinical implications of the findings, and ways of improving methodological rigour of future studies are discussed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00420-018-1380-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LAY ABSTRACTThere has been an increase in cases of sick leave due to stress in several European countries in recent decades. Chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder is linked with physiological and neurobiological changes, which may add to cognitive problems and long-term exhaustion. This narrative review summarizes the published evidence about the effectiveness of different interventions for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder. Cognitive behavioural interventions and multimodal interventions reduce symptoms. Workplace interventions often improve return to work. Better sleep is associated with improvement of symptoms and return to work. Interventions for improving sleep might therefore be important. For improving cognitive function, which is a main complaint among patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder, aerobic and cognitive training may have some effect. Most interventions for the rehabilitation of chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder have only marginal effects. Therefore, it is important to prevent the onset of this disorder. Objective: An increase in numbers of cases of sick leave due to stress have been reported from several European countries during recent decades. Chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder is associated with physiological and neurobiological perturbations that may contribute to cognitive problems and longterm exhaustion. Rehabilitation of patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder is therefore challenging. This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding the effectiveness of different interventions for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder. Methods: Both structured and unstructured searches of research studies and reports were performed in order to find knowledge sources. The structured search had 2 predefined inclusion criteria: (i) chronic stress-induced exhaustion/clinical burnout/severe burnout/stress-induced exhaustion; and (ii) rehabilitation with improvement of symptoms and/or return to work as outcomes. Results: Cognitive behavioural interventions and multimodal interventions seem to reduce symptoms. Workplace interventions, either work-focused cognitive behavioural or workplace dialogue, seem to improve return to work. Sleep is important for both symptom improvement and return to work, and interventions for improving sleep might therefore be important. For improvement of cognitive function, which is a main complaint among patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder, aerobic and cognitive training may have some effect. Conclusion: In summary, the few studies of highquality that examine interventions for rehabilitation of chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder show only marginal effects. Thus, it is important to prevent the onset of chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder.

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an underdiagnosed cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevalence of COPD has been shown to be highly associated with positive smoking history and increasing age. Spirometry is the method used for diagnosing COPD. However, identifying patients at risk of COPD to undergo spirometry tests has been challenging. Therefore, there is a need for new cost-effective and feasible diagnostic screening procedures for use in primary care centers. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and severity of undiagnosed COPD in a group of patients with respiratory infections attending urgent primary care, and to identify those variables in patients' history that could be used to detect the disease.MethodsPatients of 40-75 years (n = 138) attending urgent primary care center with acute respiratory tract infection, positive smoking history and no previously known pulmonary disease underwent pre- and post bronchodilator spirometry testing four to five weeks after the acute infection. Prevalence and severity of COPD were estimated following the Global Initiative for COPD (GOLD) criteria. Variables such as sex, age, current smoking status, smoking intensity (pack years) and type of infection diagnosis were assessed for possible associations with COPD.ResultsThe prevalence of previously undiagnosed COPD in our study group was 27%, of which 45% were in stage 1 (FEV1 ≥ 80% of predicted), 53% in stage 2 (50 ≤ FEV1 < 80% of predicted), 3% in stage 3 (30 ≤ FEV1 < 50% of predicted) and 0% in stage 4 (FEV1 < 30% of predicted). We found a significant association between COPD and age ≥ 55 (OR = 10.9 [95% CI 3.8-30.1]) and between COPD and smoking intensity (pack years > 20) (OR = 3.2 [95% CI 1.2-8.5]). Sex, current smoking status and type of infection diagnosis were not shown to be significantly associated with COPD.ConclusionA middle-aged or older patient with any type of common respiratory tract infection, positive smoking history and no previously known pulmonary disease has an increased likelihood of having underlying COPD. These patients should be offered spirometry testing for diagnosis of COPD.