Client-therapist interactions were studied in 14 positive-change (PC) and 14 negative-change or nonchange (NC) therapies with the same therapists and similar clients. Aggregated structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) scores showed increasingly dissimilar interaction styles between client and therapist in NC therapies. First-lag transition analyses of SASB codings of Sessions 3, 12, and 20 showed the following differences: Stable hostile complementarity characterized NC within and across sessions. Hostile complementarity was nevertheless relatively rare. Therapists met clients' invitations to hostile responses most frequently in nonhostile ways, yet they initiated more belittling and ignoring interactions with NC clients, pointing to the subtly hostile therapeutic climate created. Rejection of therapists' interventions predicted negative outcome most strongly and escalated with time. Clients' skepticism may make therapists vulnerable to feelings of inadequacy and, if not dealt with therapeutically, may easily release the therapists' own hostility.

The study investigated 261 lottery winners of prizes of NKR 1 million (US $150,000) or more in the years 1987-91 in a postal survey. The modal Norwegian winners were middle-aged married men of modest education, living in small communities. Emotional reactions to winning were few, aside from moderate happiness and relief. Winners emphasized caution, emotional control and unconspicuous spending, e.g. paying debts and sharing with children. There was only a slight increase in economic spending. A wish for anonymity was frequent, together with fear of envy from others. Betting was modest both before and after winning. Experiences with winning were predominantly positive. Life quality was stable or had improved. An age trend was observed, accounting for more variance than any other variable. The older winners seemed to represent a puritan subculture of caution, modesty and emotional restraint. A slightly more impatient pattern of spending was characteristic of younger winners. The results support Kaplan's 1987 and others' findings that lottery winners are not gamblers, but self-controlled realists and that tenacious, negative cultural expectations to the contrary are myths, but perhaps also deterrents of uncontrolled behavior.

In this study, we examined the reliability and construct validity of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Introject Surface, Intrex long form A (SASB-IS; Benjamin, 1995) in 2 Norwegian samples. The fit of the 8 SASB-IS scales to the structural requirements of a circumplex model with relaxed equal spacing constraints was reasonably good in an outpatient sample, but poor in a normal reference sample. The deviations from the equal spacing based on an ideal circumplex model, however, seem to have minimal implications for the utility of the instrument in clinical assessment. The reliability of the SASB-IS was acceptable on most scales, but two scales had unacceptable low reliability. Correspondence with external criteria supported the validity of the SASB-IS in both samples. Profile patterns related to different segments of the introject circumplex model were systematically related to severity of psychopathology: Hostile and accepting patterns of self-relatedness formed polar opposites; control patterns and intermediate patterns gave intermediate pathology scores.

As a developing country, Egypt and especially Cairo, is in a transitional phase between a traditional and a modern, education-based society and between traditional child-rearing values of passivity and obedience and new demands for academic competence. Education is seen by present day parents as the major vehicle for the future success and happiness of children and much effort is expended toward this goal. Thirty Cairene mothers from low income neighbourhoods with similar housing standards and crowding, but with different levels of education and occupational status were interviewed (1994-95) about socialisation values and practices and observed with their children in order to evaluate how mothers prepare preschoolers for the cognitive demands of school. It was anticipated that educated working mothers would be less traditional and engage their children in more active competence training (mediation of learning experience, MLE, and authoritative child-raising style, AC-R) as a mediator to children’s cognitive competence. These expectations were supported. The 30 mothers were generally found to emphasise a controlling, restricting, and protecting style of child rearing, with moral education, compliance, agreeableness, passivity, and loyalty as ideals. Observation revealed little verbal interaction or stimulation of children. Educated working mothers, however, expressed belief in earlier developmental timetables and endorsed the less traditional values of stimulating and interacting rather than controlling and expecting obedience of the child more than the remaining mothers. Educated working mothers were also more positively verbally interacting with their children during the interview than nonworking low-educated mothers. They scored higher on AC-R and on the MLE categories guiding and expanding in interactive play and these variables were related to the children’s cognitive competence (intelligence scores), also when the mothers’ intelligence was accounted for. Mothers’ educational and occupational levels did not predict children’s cognitive competence directly, suggesting that mothers’ child-rearing behaviours acted as mediators. Fathers’ educational level was not related to the children’s cognitive competence. The results point to the potential benefit of investing in girls’ (and future mothers’) education for the future of their children.

The findings revealed distinct and cohesive differences in therapist behaviors between the two outcome groups, and point to the particular therapist role of fostering client agency through engagement in a shared work on change when clients display strong unassertiveness and low readiness for change. Clinical or Methodological Significance Summary: The present analysis combines focus on client interpersonal style, therapist strategies/process and outcome. The categories generated from the present grounded theory analysis may serve as a foundation for identifying interactions that are associated with agentic involvement in future process research and practice, and hence we have formulated principles/strategies that were identified by the analysis.