To characterize an activity of silica toward elastomers usually the parameters of the filler structure and a possibility of its interactions with macromolecules of a matrix are taken into consideration [1,2,3]. As a rule, low molecular weight substances of different polarity are dissolved in a rubber mix (e.g. accelerators, activators, crosslinking substances, etc). They undergo adsorption on the surface of active fillers what exerts an effect on a structure of a network formed and influences mechanical properties of vulcanizates at the same time.
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
Zwi¹zki POSS jako modyfikatory i dodatki do kompozytów elastomerowychStreszczenie -Zbadano mo¿liwooeae zastosowania silseskwioksanów (POSS) w charakterze na-pe³niaczy b¹dŸ modyfikuj¹cych dodatków do elastomerów: kauczuku metylowinylosilikonowego (MVQ) oraz uwodornionego butadienowo-akrylonitrylowego (HNBR). Stwierdzono, ¿e odpowiednio sfunkcjonalizowane silseskwioksany mog¹ braae udzia³ w sieciowaniu kauczuków, zwiêkszaae ich wytrzyma³ooeae mechaniczn¹, zw³aszcza w temp. -50 °C, ograniczaae dzia³anie czynników starzeniowych oraz korzystnie poprawiaae hydrofobowooeae powierzchni, wp³ywaj¹c jednoczeoenie na barierowooeae wobec tlenu. Dodatek do wulkanizatów kauczuków zwi¹zków POSS zawieraj¹cych kwasowe lub zasadowe ugrupowania pozwala na otrzymanie materia³ów obdarzonych zdolnooeci¹ do samonaprawy. S³owa kluczowe: kompozyty elastomerowe, silseskwioksany, kauczuk silikonowy, uwodorniony kauczuk butadienowo-akrylonitrylowy.
POSS COMPOUNDS AS MODIFIERS AND ADDITIVES FOR ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITESSummary -The possibility of using silsesquioxanes (POSS) as nanofillers or modifying additives to elastomers: methylvinylsilicone (MVQ) and hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile (HNBR) rubber was studied. It was found that suitably functionalized silsesquioxanes can take part in the cross-linking of rubbers and increase their mechanical strength, especially at temperature of -50 °C. They can also reduce the ageing effects and increase the surface hydrophobicity, while at the same time influencing oxygen barrier properties. The addition of POSS compounds containing acidic or basic groups to rubber vulcanizates enables the preparation of materials with self-healing properties.
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