Introduction: Hydrocephalus is a heterogenous medical entity characterized by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles. It is present in all age groups, however, in neonates it is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the central nervous system resulting in different clinical manifestations and frequently associated with complications that have deleterious consequences in their quality of life. Moreover, its incidence and prevalence present regional and international variations while, simultaneously, it is more common in underdeveloped countries. Methodology: This study concerns an analytical, transversal epidemiological cohort aiming to associate the outcome "hydrocephalus" with possible maternal and gestational factors. Analysis was conducted based on a database composed of a set of live birth declarations from 01/01/2015 to 12/31/2019, of mothers living in Mato Grosso state. Bivariate analysis was applied, and prevalence ratio was calculated using the chi-squared test of Mantel Haenszel whilst, for a multiple analysis, Poisson regression was used. Results: A sample of 43.218 children were selected from SINASC* database of 16 cities of Mato Grosso state. It was observed that preterm new-borns are 6.31 times more likely to develop hydrocephalus compared to full term babies and there is 2.38 times higher prevalence of hydrocephalus among those children of single, divorced or widowed mothers compared to those of married or in-a-stable-relationship mothers. Discussion: These findings are consistent with available literature which confirm that prematurity is one of the most important risk factors for hydrocephalus and that a mother's marital status also plays a role not yet wellunderstood. Conclusion: This research contributes significantly to the study of gestational and maternal causes related to neonates born alive with hydrocephalus, since
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