Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the pill burden (PB), drug class distribution and financial burden for buying medicines in different treatment modalities of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed in 244 CKD patients and they were divided into 4 groups as follows: pre-dialysis patients (stages 1-5) as group 1, hemodialysis (HD) patients as group 2, peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients as group 3 and renal transplant recipient (RTR) patients as group 4. Data was collected in pre-designed form through direct patient interaction.
Objectives: The present study was aimed to observe the antibiotic microbial sensitivity patterns in type II Diabetes Mellitus patients with Urinary tract infections. Methods : A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati during a period of 6 months (July to December 2019). 120 culture urine samples were taken for the study as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the data were collected, recorded, tabulated and analysed using Microsoft Excel worksheet (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA). Continuous and categorical data were expressed in terms of mean ± Standard deviation (SD) and percentage respectively. Antibiotic microbial sensitivity was expressed in terms of percentage. Results: Out of the total of 120 subjects, the most commonly affected age group was 51-60 years (33.33%). Here females (55%) dominated males (45%) in number. Most commonly isolated Gram-negative organisms were Escherichia coli (35%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.8%) whereas Gram-positive organisms were Enterococcus faecalis (17.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.16%). Most of the gram-negative bacteria were having a good sensitivity to amikacin (56.75%) and gram-positive bacteria were mostly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (46%). Conclusion: Escherichia coli was the major isolated micro-organism followed by Enterococcus and Klebsiella. Amikacin showed more sensitivity towards gram-negative organisms, whereas Nitrofurantoin showed more sensitivity towards gram-positive organisms. Most uropathogens isolated in Type II Diabetes mellitus were sensitive to Amikacin. This study enlists certain antibiotics which can be used as firstline agents by the physician while awaiting for urine microscopic culture sensitivity results.
Bauhinia tomentosa is commonly known as yellow bauhinia, yellow orchid tree and yellow bell orchid tree. It is an erect, branched shrub belonging to the family Fabaceae. The plant is reported to contain proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, alkaloids, flavonoids, phyto steroids, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, fixed oils and fats. Pharmacological studies proved its anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activities. This review presents a detailed survey on therapeutic uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Bauhinia tomentosa.
Nephrotoxic injury is damage to either of the kidneys that results from exposure to toxic materials or usually through ingestion of that toxic substance. The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system that purifies the blood by removing wastes from it and excreting them in the form of urine. Every day, the kidneys filter about 45 gal (180 l) of blood, about four times as much as the amount that passes through other organ. Because of this high volume, the kidneys are more often exposed to toxic chemicals in the blood and are very vulnerable to injury from those substances. Exploration of traditional medicine is a mysteriously interesting now days because of its scientific significant and economic importance, which is a important task for the ethnobotanists. The people of India were well acquainted with a large number of indigenous medicinal plants than the natives of any other countries. Herbs are the principle form of medicine in India and they are becoming popular throughout the world. This includes so many species of ethnomedicinally important nephroprotective plants in and around the india. This review article provides comprehensive account on nephroprotective indigenous plants (with their botanical name, Family, parts used and the active principles, present in that plant).
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