Background SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have threatened COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, predominantly against the delta (B.1.617.2) variant, in addition to the cellular immune response to vaccination. Methods We did a test-negative, case-control study at two medical research centres in Faridabad, India. All individuals who had a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 1, 2021, and May 31, 2021, were included as cases and individuals who had a negative RT-PCR test were included as controls after matching with cases on calendar week of RT-PCR test. The primary outcome was effectiveness of complete vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary outcomes were effectiveness of a single dose against SARS-CoV-2 infection and effectiveness of a single dose and complete vaccination against moderate-tosevere disease among infected individuals. Additionally, we tested in-vitro live-virus neutralisation and T-cell immune responses to the spike protein of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs among healthy (anti-nucleocapsid antibody negative) recipients of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Findings Of 2379 cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 85 (3•6%) were fully vaccinated compared with 168 (8•5%) of 1981 controls (adjusted OR [aOR] 0•37 [95% CI 0•28-0•48]), giving a vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection of 63•1% (95% CI 51•5-72•1). 157 (6•4%) of 2451 of cases and 181 (9•1%) of 1994) controls had received a single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (aOR 0•54 [95% CI 0•42-0•68]), thus vaccine effectiveness of a single dose against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 46•2% (95% CI 31•6-57•7). One of 84 cases with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was fully vaccinated compared with 84 of 2295 cases with mild COVID-19 (aOR 0•19 [95% CI 0•01-0•90]), giving a vaccine effectiveness of complete vaccination against moderate-to-severe disease of 81•5% (95% CI 9•9-99•0). The effectiveness of a single dose against moderate-to-severe disease was 79•2% (95% CI 46•1-94•0); four of 87 individuals with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 had received a single dose compared with 153 of 2364 participants with mild disease (aOR 0•20 [95% CI 0•06-0•54]). Among 49 healthy, fully vaccinated individuals, neutralising antibody responses were lower against the alpha (B.1.1.7; geometric mean titre 244•7 [95% CI 151•8-394•4]), beta (B.1.351; 97•6 [61•2-155•8]), kappa (B.1.617.1; 112•8 [72•7-175•0]), and delta (88•4 [61•2-127•8]) variants than against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (599•4 [376•9-953•2]). However, the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were conserved against both the delta variant and wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Interpretation The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine remained effective against moderate-to-severe COVID-19, even during a surge that was dominated by the highly transmissible delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. Spike-specific T-cell responses were maintained against the delta variant. Such cellular immune p...
Background: We report the clinical efficacy against COVID 19 infection of BBV152, a whole virion inactivated SARS CoV 2 vaccine formulated with a Toll like receptor 7/8 agonist molecule adsorbed to alum (Algel IMDG). Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 clinical trial in 25 Indian hospitals to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunological lot consistency of BBV152. Healthy adults (age 18 to 98 years) randomised 1:1 using a sponsor-supplied randomisation scheme received two intramuscular doses of vaccine or placebo administered four weeks apart. The primary outcome was laboratory confirmed symptomatic COVID 19, occurring at least 14 days after the second dose. Secondary outcomes were efficacy in subgroups for age (18 to < 60 years and >=60 years) and in participants with pre-existing stable medical conditions. We also evaluated safety, reactogenicity, and consistency of immune responses for three consecutive manufacturing lots. Findings: Between November 16, 2020 and January 7, 2021 we recruited 25,798 participants who were randomised to BBV152 or placebo groups; 24,419 received two doses of BBV152 (n = 12,221) or placebo (n = 12,198). In a case-driven analysis, 130 cases of symptomatic COVID-19 were reported in 16,973 (0.77%) participants with follow-up at least two weeks after the second vaccination; 24 occurred in the vaccine group and 106 in placebo recipients giving an overall vaccine efficacy of 77.8% (95% CI: 65.2,86.4). Sixteen cases, one vaccinee and 15 placebo recipients, met the severe symptomatic COVID-19 case definition giving a vaccine efficacy of 93.4% (57.1,99.8). Efficacy against asymptomatic COVID 19 was 63.6% (29.0, 82.4). BBV152 conferred 65.2% (95% CI: 33.1, 83.0) protection against the SARS CoV 2 Variant of Concern, B.1.617.2 (Delta). BBV152 was well tolerated with no clinically or statistically significant differences in the distributions of solicited, unsolicited, or serious adverse events between vaccine and placebo groups. No cases of anaphylaxis or vaccine-related deaths were reported. Interpretation: BBV152 was immunogenic and highly efficacious against symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID 19 variant associated disease, particularly against severe disease in adults. Vaccination was well tolerated with an overall incidence of adverse events observed over a median of 146 days that was lower than that observed with other COVID-19 vaccines.
Micro minerals have a great impact on animal's reproductive physiology and its imbalance causes various problems leading to lowered reproductive efficiency and resultant monetary loss to the dairy industry. Adequate micro minerals supplementation is required as most of the roughages, greens, concentrates and even most of commercial feeds available to Indian market are deficient in trace mineral elements. Often correcting an imbalance in mineral levels can sole a nagging problem by improving reproductive performance and health with little additional cost. As terrain and agro climatic area of India is quite diverse, so one therapeutic treatment may not be suitable for other regions. Hence there is a need to map of the various nutrient status in soil, fodder and animal, so that accordingly an area specific mineral may me supplemented.
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