This is an exploratory, descriptive study of how premenarcheal Mexican girls perceive the information about menstruation given by mothers, their feelings and attitudes toward menarche, and their attitudes toward males being aware of a girl's menarcheal status. One hundred twenty-six premenarcheal urban girls completed an incomplete story about an imaginary girl around the time of her menarche. Most participants reported negative feelings when the imaginary girl learns about menstruation. Her onset of menstruation also elicited quite negative feelings, and many participants showed ambivalence. Most of the participants who reported negative feelings when the imaginary girl learned about menstruation, also reported a hypothetical negative reaction toward her menarche. Regarding males' involvement, participants showed responses that implied men should not know about a girl's menarche. These findings are discussed in light of the education related to menstruation.
The objective of this study was to determine both the perimenstrual changes that Mexican premenarcheal girls expect to experience and their attitudes toward menstruation. A total of 750 premenarcheal girls in fifth and sixth grade were studied. Participants completed a Perimenstrual Change Checklist, which listed 20 negative possible perimenstrual changes and ten positive ones, and a Spanish version of the Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire. The results showed a set of mostly negative perimenstrual expectations, the most common being discomfort, cramps or abdominal pain and mood swings. Concerning menstrual attitudes, the girls scored highest on secrecy, followed by negative feelings and by positive feelings. The girls who perceived menstruation as a negative event and with secrecy, expected more negative perimenstrual changes, while those who perceived menstruation as a positive event expected more positive perimenstrual changes. We believe premenarcheal girls, with no personal experience, must be more influenced by cultural stereotypes which are of a negative nature.
This survey explored para-menstrual changes that Mexican pre-menarcheal girls expect to experience and paramenstrual changes actually experienced by post-menarcheal girls. The survey included 95 pre-menarcheal girls who reported what they expected to experience in the para-menstruum, and their answers were compared with para-menstrual changes reported by 98 post-menarcheal girls. There were more post-menarcheal than pre-menarcheal girls who reported negative physical changes, while more pre-menarcheal girls expected to experience negative changes related to cognitive-emotional expressions. Regarding positive para-menstrual changes, despite the fact that hardly any of the girls named them, more post-menarcheal girls reported positive changes than pre-menarcheal girls who expected the changes. The dominant menstrual discourse concerning menstruation focused on para-menstrual negative changes, which can lead pre-menarcheal girls to anticipate their periods with fear and to overlook positive changes that may occur in the para-menstruum.
Objective: A systematic review was conducted to identify definitions that facilitated the study of relapse as both behavioral pattern and process. Methods: The review was conducted following the PRISMA-P guidelines. Articles that met the following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) published in peerreviewed journals, (b) provided an explicit operational definition of relapse, (c) assessed relapse during or after a specific psychological or self-care group intervention, (d) focused on alcohol consumption, and (e) were published between 2000 and September 2016. Results: "Any drinking" was the most frequent outcome used to identify relapse, although other discrete outcomes were also considered. Nevertheless, none of the definitions operationalize the notion of the return to a problematic drinking pattern and/or the process of relapse. Conclusion: Problems related to any drinking definition are discussed and we propose the use of a composed index to study relapse.
ResumenObjetivo: Se realizó una revisión sistemática para identificar definiciones que permitieran el estudio de la recaída como un patrón y proceso conductual. Método: La revisión fue realizada siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía PRISMA-P. Los artículos que cumplían con los siguientes criterios fueron revisados: (1) publicados en revistas con revisión por pares, (b) definían explícitamente la recaída, (c) se evaluó la recaída después o durante un tratamiento psicológico o participación en un grupo de autoayuda, (d) la intervención se enfocaba en el consumo de alcohol, (d) publicados entre el año 2000 y septiembre de 2016. Resultados: Cualquier consumo fue el resultado más frecuentemente usado para definir la recaída, aunque otros resultados discretos también se consideraron. No obstante, ninguna de las definiciones operacionales reflejó la noción del regreso a un patrón de consumo problemático y/o el proceso a la recaída. Conclusiones: Problemas relacionados a la definición de cualquier consumo son discutidos y se propone un índice compuesto para estudiar la recaída.
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