Powdered cinnamon foams badly on attempted steam distillation. It has been demonstrated that preliminary iterative evacuation of the aqueous mixture allows smooth distillation of cinnamaldehyde (I).
Glassy polymer films are important materials in many
manufacturing
industries. The rapid and reliable characterization of the elastic
modulus is essential for the implementation of these materials in
industrial processes. In this study, a freestanding column buckling
mechanics approach is utilized to determine the elastic moduli of
glassy polymer films. To demonstrate the efficacy of this measurement
approach, several types of nanocellulose films are measured (specifically,
mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers (CNF), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
(TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF), and cellulose nanocrystals
(CNC)). Two different analysis approaches, the linear intercept (LI)
method and the Southwell method, were used to determine the modulus
of each film type for various thicknesses. The LI and Southwell methods
determined similar moduli for each film type. However, when compared
with tensile testing results, the moduli of the TOCNF and CNC films
had similar experimental error and were more easily characterized
by freestanding buckling mechanics. Modulus values determined via
either buckling approach were found to be more reproducible for the
geometrically stiffest (thickest) films, which are often the most
difficult materials to characterize in tension. By the use of freestanding
buckling mechanics, rapid and reliable modulus characterization was
achieved for brittle nanocellulose films, demonstrating that this
approach can be applied to brittle films in general.
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