AbstractCima, F., Perin, A., Burighel, P. and Ballarin, L. 2001. Morpho-functional characterization of haemocytes of the compound ascidian Botrylloides leachi (Tunicata, Acidiacea). -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 82 : 261-274 A morpho-functional study of the colonial ascidian Botrylloides leachi haemocytes was carried out to propose their classification, relationships and specializations. This characterization was obtained by (i) investigations of both living and aldehydefixed cells by light and electron microscopy; (ii) cytochemical and cytoenzymatic assays; (iii) lectin-affinity assays; (iv) phagocytosis and haemagglutination assays; and (v) anti-CD34 immunocytochemical assay for vertebrate haematopoietic stem cells. Results indicate that the haemoblast is a circulating stem cell and there are at least five haemocyte differentiation pathways, the last two of which have never been described in botryllids: (i) phagocytic line (hyaline amoebocytes and macrophage-like cells) share ultrastructural features, the same hydrolytic enzymes and WGA lectin binding, and are involved in yeast phagocytosis and erythrocyte rosette formation; (ii) cytotoxic line (granular amoebocytes and morula cells) with vacuoles containing oxidative enzymes and polyphenolic substrates; (iii) vacuolated cell line (pigment cells and nephrocytes) involved in catabolite storage; (iv) compartment cell line (compartment amoebocytes and compartment cells) able to agglutinate erythrocytes and characterized by vacuoles with a moderately electron-dense content, positive to arylsulphatase activity and binding DBA, UEA-I, HPA lectins; and (v) granular cell line includes trophic cells, able to infiltrate the gut epithelium, showing a cytoplasm filled of PAS-positive vacuoles with arylsulphatase, chloroacetylesterase and β -glucuronidase activities.
A discussion concerning whether to conceive Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems as responsible moral entities, also known as “artificial moral agents” (AMAs), has been going on for some time. In this regard, we argue that the notion of “moral agency” is to be attributed only to humans based on their autonomy and sentience, which AI systems lack. We analyze human responsibility in the presence of AI systems in terms of meaningful control and due diligence and argue against fully automated systems in medicine. With this perspective in mind, we focus on the use of AI-based diagnostic systems and shed light on the complex networks of persons, organizations and artifacts that come to be when AI systems are designed, developed, and used in medicine. We then discuss relational criteria of judgment in support of the attribution of responsibility to humans when adverse events are caused or induced by errors in AI systems.
PERIN, Andrea. "La redefinición de la culpa (imprudencia) penal médica ante el fenómeno de la medicina defensiva. Bases desde una perspectiva comparada". ResumenFrente al fenómeno de la medicina defensiva, una opción político-criminal consiste en reducir el alcance de la culpa (imprudencia) penal médica como criterio de imputación, con el objetivo de conjugar, por un lado, el principio de responsabilidad y, por otro lado, la implementación de mejores condiciones para el ejercicio de la actividad médica y la protección de los bienes jurídicos involucrados. En este sentido, la presente contribución analiza críticamente las reformas adoptadas por el legislador italiano en 2012 y 2017, y algunos aspectos propios de la "imprudencia profesional" regulada por el Código Penal español; poniendo un especial énfasis, en ambos contextos, a la problemática noción de "impericia". En las conclusiones se ofrecen algunas advertencias y sugerencias deducibles desde la perspectiva comparada tenida en consideración. En particular, se muestran los límites de la heterointegración normativa del cuidado debido a través de protocolos y guidelines; se defiende la oportunidad de distinguir entre pautas de cuidado "típicas" (leges artis predeterminadas) y expectativas de cuidado "atípicas" (definibles en el marco del juicio); y, sobre esa base, se propone un criterio de culpa (imprudencia) grave para las hipótesis de culpa médica in eligendo. AbstractOne of the possible political-criminal options, when facing the phenomenon of Defensive Medicine, consists in reducing the scope of criminal negligence as a criterion of imputation in the field of medical malpractice law, with the aim of combining, on the one hand, the principle of responsibility and, on the other hand, the implementation of better conditions for the protection of the fundamental rights involved. In this regard, the author analyses the reforms adopted by the Italian legislator in 2012 and 2017 and the "professional negligence" as provided by the Spanish Penal Code. The conclusions offer some suggestions and warnings inferable from the comparative perspective considered. In particular, the author argues some limits of the normative heterointegration of the duty of care by protocols and guidelines; he defends a distinction between "typical" (predetermined) standards of care and Polít. crim. Vol. 13, Nº 26 (Diciembre 2018) Art. 6, pp. 858-903. [http://www.politicacriminal.cl/Vol_13/n_26/Vol13N26A6.pdf] 859 "atypical" duties of care (definable within the framework of a trial); and, on that basis, he proposes a criterion of "gross negligence" for the hypothesis of medical culpa in eligendo. Sumario: 1. La expansión de la culpa (imprudencia) penal -2. La criminalización de la actividad médica -3. El fenómeno de la medicina defensiva -4. Una estrategia políticocriminal -4.1. El retroceso de la intervención penal -4.2. Redefinir el alcance de la culpa médica: la exigibilidad (objetiva y subjetiva) y la heterointegración del cuidado debido -4.3. Despenalizar la culpa: la inconsciente, o...
En la primera parte de este artículo se retoma el debate sobre la responsabilidad penal por mala práctica médica imprudente ante la progresiva estandarización de las prácticas clínicas. Su consideración crítica permite configurar un paradigma de imputación capaz de conjugar los intereses de los pacientes con aquéllos de los profesionales de la salud. En la segunda parte se plantea la hipótesis principal, argumentando cómo el mismo paradigma puede permitir marcar los límites de la responsabilidad del profesional por eventos adversos causados por la adopción de indicaciones erróneas de sistemas de inteligencia artificial. En las conclusiones se destaca cómo todo proceso de uniformación y automatización encuentra límites insuperables en el pluralismo, la autonomía y la ética de la responsabilidad.
RESUMEN: El estudio aborda la relevancia de los cursos causales hipotéticos para la imputación normativa del resultado a la conducta imprudente. Se exponen argumentos centrados en el perfil teleológico de las reglas de diligencia que concretan el deber de cuidado, defendiendo la adopción de los criterios del "aumento del riesgo" o bien, tratándose de supuestos de comisión por omisión, de la "disminución de oportunidades". Se aclara la relación dogmática entre dicha valoración y el criterio de la "realización del riesgo" (o "fin de protección de la norma"), reafirmando la correspondencia estructural entre los delitos comisivos y los "omisivos impropios". Finalmente, se pone especial énfasis en el significado práctico y político-criminal de la estructura dogmática defendida en materia de responsabilidad penal médica por error de diagnóstico.Palabras clave: Delitos imprudente, mala praxis médica, nexo de riesgo, cursos causales hipotéticos, error de diagnóstico ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the relevance of hypothetical causal courses for the imputation of harmful events to negligent conducts. The author focuses on the teleological profile of the "duty of care" in order to discuss the adoption of the "increase of risk" -or "decrease of chances"-ex post normative criteria. The discussion clarifies the relationship between the evaluation concerning the "realization of risk" (i.e. the "scope of protection" of the norm) and the consideration of the hypothetical lawful conduct. This allows reaffirming the structural correspondence between negligent "active conducts" and negligent "improper omissions". Finally, the paper considers the relevance of the defended theoretical structure by focusing on medical malpractice cases for diagnostic errors.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.