-Pequi is a native fruit from Brazil, found in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Rain Forest regions. It is one of the main plants with great potential for sustainable use in Central Brazil. Among 16 species comprising Caryocar genus, three are highlighted: C. brasiliense, C. villosum, and C. coriaceum, of economic importance for families in small communities of Brazilian Cerrado. They are generally organized in cooperatives and use the leaves for preparing medicinal extracts, and the fruits for culinary purposes. When the sale of fresh fruits is reduced, they produce and commercialize fruit preserves, and liqueur products, as well as extract the oil. Harvesting of mature fruits after falling from the tree while keeping some fruits at the plant is the best way for its sustainable production. The internal mesocarp contains from 36 to 66% dry weight of oil having traditional culinary, medicinal and cosmetic uses. This oil has 60% of oleic acid and 35% palmitic acid, thus suitable for industrial fat hardstocks. The presence of the triacylglycerols POO and POP makes the oil of interest for cosmetic and food industries. Both pulp and kernel oils have been studied for their health effects. By physical, enzymatic or chemical modification, the oil has shown potential uses as cocoa butter substitute and zero trans fat product.Keywords: Caryocar sp / Pequi oil Résumé -Le pequi : un fruit brésilien à potentiel pour l'industrie des corps gras. Le Pequi est un fruit indigène du Brésil, issu des régions de l'Amazonie, de la Caatinga, du Cerrado et de la forêt Atlantique. C'est l'une des principales plantes offrant un grand potentiel d'utilisation durable dans le centre du Brésil. Parmi les 16 espèces que compte le genre Caryocar, trois se distinguent (C. brasiliense, C. villosum et C. coriaceum) en raison de leur importance économique pour les familles de petites communautés de la région du Cerrado brésilien. Elles sont généralement organisées en coopératives et utilisent les feuilles pour préparer des extraits médicinaux et les fruits à des fins culinaires. Lorsque la vente de fruits frais est réduite, le pequi est commercialisé sous forme de fruits en conserve ou de liqueurs et de l'huile en est extrait. La récolte de fruits mûrs tombés de l'arbre tout en conservant des fruits à l'usine semble la meilleure voie pour une production durable. Le mésocarpe interne contient de 36 à 66 % d'huile (en poids sec) traditionnellement utilisée à des fins culinaires, médicales et cosmétiques. Cette huile contient 60 % d'acide oléique et 35 % d'acide palmitique, aptes à être utilisés en tant que matières grasses industrielles. La présence de triacylglycérol POO et POP confère à l'huile un intérêt particulier pour les industries cosmétiques et alimentaires. Les huiles de pulpe et de noyau ont été étudiées pour leurs effets sur la santé. Par modification physique, enzymatique ou chimique, l'huile a montré des utilisations potentielles en tant que substitut de beurre de cacao produit sans acides gras trans.
Pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense Camb) is considered important since its pulp has a high content of oil and carotenoids. The oil's triacylglycerols (TAGs) contain mainly oleic (~57%) and palmitic (~36%) fatty acids, distributed primarily among POO, POP/PPO, and OOO TAGs. It displays a tendency to fractionate upon storage and has a relatively low melting temperature (SFC of 4% at 25°C). Pequi oil was modified through chemical interesterification, which increased the PPP content to ~6%. This caused a flattening in the SFC-temperature profile, raising the end of melt temperature significantly (SFC of 4% at 39°C). The interesterified oil does not fractionate and is thermally stable up to 40°C, with an SFC-temperature profile resembling that of roll-in shortening (SFC of 31% at 16°C) despite containing high amounts of oleic acid. Crystallization and melting behavior changed. Crystal packing became more disorganized as evidenced by a significant decrease in crystalline domain size in the [001] direction from 42.3 nm to 32.1 nm. Polymorphism remained of the triclinic (β) subcell type but polytypism changed from the 3L to the 2L type. Polarized light microscopy demonstrated that interesterification dramatically decreased crystal size, consistent with a higher rate of nucleation in the material. Moreover, the dramatic improvement in physical stability and functionality was not accompanied by a significant decrease in total carotenoid content (~390 mg/kg).
The chemical interesterification of blends of soybean (SO) and fully hydrogenated crambe oil (FHCO) in the ratios of 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 (w/ w), respectively, was investigated. FHCO is a source of behenic acid. The blends and the interesterified fats were analyzed for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, slip melting point, solid profile, and consistency. The regiospecific analysis of the TAG indicated random insertion of saturated fatty acids at sn-2 of the glycerol of the interesterified blends with more significant alterations at sn-2 than at sn-1 and sn-3. The gradual addition of FHCO increased the solid fat content and the slip melting point. The chemical interesterification formed new TAG facilitating the miscibility between SO and FHCO. The 70:30 interesterified blend was suitable for general use, 60:40 for use as a base stock. At 35°C, the 65:35 interesterified blend showed suitable plasticity for use in products with fat contents below 80 %. FHCO, rich in behenic acid, is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat. FHCO is not associated with increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and it can be used as a low trans fat alternative.
Este trabalho de revisão de literatura teve como objetivo levantar informações sobre a utilização da tecnologia ultravioleta (UV) na indústria de alimentos, seus efeitos e potenciais de aplicação. Foram abordados aspectos como origem, conceito e aplicações da tecnologia na indústria de equipamentos e mecanismos de funcionamento. A aplicação de radiação UV na descontaminação de produtos alimentícios ainda é pouco utilizada por seu baixo grau de penetração, mas sabe-se que pode ser facilmente aplicada a produtos alimentícios líquidos e sólidos. Os estudos revisados destacam o potencial que o processo ultravioleta oferece para a obtenção de produtos alimentícios mais frescos e com melhores características, podendo ser aplicado para produzir alimentos seguros, tendo em vista que esse tipo de radiação é letal para muitos microrganismos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: RADIAÇÃO ULTRAVIOLETA; PROCESSAMENTO DE ALIMENTOS; PRESERVAÇÃO DE ALIMENTOS.
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