LLLT reduced the inflammatory response induced by trauma and was able to block the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and the activation of NF-kappaB. The associated reduction of iNOS overexpression and collagen production suggest that the NF-kappaB pathway may be a signaling route involved in the pathogenesis of muscle trauma.

LLLT by Ga-As laser reduces histological abnormalities, collagen concentration, and oxidative stress in an experimental model of Achilles tendon injury. Reduction of fibrosis could be mediated by the beneficial effects on the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

RESUMOApresentam-se reflexões acerca da prática da promoção da saúde em instituições hospitalares, abordando os aspectos que permeiam o ambiente hospitalar e dificultam a implementação de estratégias para a promoção da saúde nesses serviços. Discute-se o hospital como lugar estratégico para novas práticas, ressaltando-se ações realizadas nesse espaço, que podem contribuir para efetivação da promoção da saúde dos clientes. Acredita-se que a promoção da saúde tanto seja possível quanto necessária em ambientes hospitalares; e que as ações desenvolvidas nesse sentido podem conduzir o indivíduo e sua família na busca de uma melhor qualidade de vida. descritores: Enfermagem; Promoção da saúde; Instituições de saúde; Assistência hospitalar. ABSTRACTReflections on the practice of health promotion in hospitals are presented, addressing the aspects that permeate the hospital environment and hinder the implementation of strategies for health promotion in these services. The hospital is discussed as a strategic place for new practices, highlighting actions taken in this space, which can contribute to effective the health promotion of the clients. It is believed that health promotion is both, possible and necessary, in hospital settings, and that the actions in this direction may lead the individual and his family in search of a better quality of life. Key words: health promotion; health facilities; hospital care, nursing. RESUMEN Se presentan reflexiones sobre la práctica de la promoción de la salud en los hospitales, abordando los aspectos que permean el ambiente del hospital e impiden la aplicación de estrategias para la promoción de la salud en estos servicios Se discute el hospital como un lugar estratégico para las nuevas prácticas, destacando las acciones realizadas en este espacio, que pueden contribuir a la efectiva promoción de la salud de los clientes. Se cree que la promoción de la salud es, a la vez, posible y necesaria en el ámbito hospitalario, y que las acciones en este sentido pueden llevar al individuo y su familia en busca de una mejor calidad de vida. Palabras clave: promoción de la salud; instituciones de salud; atención hospitalaria, enfermería. Promoção da saúde em ambientes hospitalares Health promotion in hospital settingsPromoción de la salud en ambientes hospitalarios

The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Campus (FIOCRUZ), in a suburban region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, was selected as a case study to assess the pollution released from vehicle and industrial facilities in Basin III, the most polluted area of the city. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and trace metals in airborne particles were determined in an intensive field campaign. The samplings were performed every six days for 24 h periods, using a PM10 high volume sampler, from September 2004 to August 2005. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically and the metals by ICP-OES. For PM10, the arithmetic mean for the period is 169 +/- 42 microg m(-3) which is 3.4 times the national recommended standard of 50 microg m(-3). Additionally, 51% of the samplings exceeded the recommended 24 h limit of 150 microg m(-3). Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al were the metals that presented the higher concentrations. The correlation matrix gave two main clusters and three significant principal components (PC). Both PC1 and PC2 are associated to crustal, vehicular and industrial emissions while PC3 is mainly associated to geological material. Enrichment factors for Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb indicate that for these elements, anthropic sources prevail over natural inputs. PM10 levels showed a good correlation with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children and elderly people.

the educational intervention is an effective and viable strategy for older adults' caregivers.

The specific characteristics of online education require of the student engagement and autonomy, factors which are related to motivation for learning. This study investigated students’ motivation in virtual learning environments (VLEs). For this, it used the Teaching and Learning Strategy and Motivation to Learn Scale in Virtual Learning Environments (TLSM-VLE). The scale presented 32 items and six dimensions, three of which aimed to measure the variables of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and demotivation. The participants were 572 students from the Brazilian state of Paraná, enrolled on higher education courses on a continuous education course. The results revealed significant rates for autonomous motivational behavior. It is considered that the results obtained may provide contributions for the educators and psychologists who work with VLEs, leading to further studies of the area providing information referent to the issue investigated in this study.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most frequent cause of cancer deaths throughout the world. This study was aimed to analyze oxidative stress and cell damage in a multistage model of liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 145–150 g were divided into three groups: control, precancerous lesions (PL) (which received 100 mg DEN once a week every 6 weeks up to 28 weeks), and advanced HCC (50 mg DEN once/twice per week up to 19 weeks). Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and expression of transforming growth factor-1 beta (TGF)-1β, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide syntahese (eNOS, iNOS), NADPH quinone oxireductase (NQO)-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NrF)2, kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap)1 and heat shock protein (HSP)70 were measured. TBARS concentration was augmented in the PL and advanced HCC groups. SOD activity, TGF-1β and Nrf2 expression were higher in animals with precancerous lesions. In advanced HCC, expression of NQO1 and iNOS increased while there was a decrease in HPS70 expression. Data obtained provide evidence for the differential activation of proteins involved in oxidative stress and cell damage during progression of carcinogenesis in an animal model of HCC.