Andi Nur Samsi, Ruzkiah Asaf, Sahabuddin, Andi Santi, and Muhammad Ikhsan Wamnebo. 2017. Review: Gastropods as A Bioindicator and Biomonitoring Metal Pollution. Aquacultura Indonesiana, 18 (1): 1-8. Water pollution effect on aquatic organisms and if consumed can affect people's health. These pollutants can be heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, and others. Heavy metals have high levels will cause disorders of the kidneys, brain, severe irritation to the skin, can cause diarrhea and even death. The purpose of this paper is to explain physiological mechanisms that occur in the body of gastropods are linked to pollutants in the water environment. Therefore, monitoring the level of pollution a body of water that is alleged to have suffered contamination is very important. Gastropods are one of the aquatic animals (Class) used as bioindicators and biomonitoring for this group of animals has a high ability to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies compared to other aquatic animals. Gastropods is one bioavailability against metal pollution so that it can be used for environmental monitoring. Littoraria scabra, Nassarius reticulatus, Nerita albicilla, Nucella lapillus, Gibberulus gibbosus, Terebralia palustris, and Telescopium telescopiun always use as biomonitoring metal pollution. The main indicator that can be shown by gastropods is declining abundance and body size. Other indicators are as bioavailability of heavy metals in the soft tissues and shells. The ability of the heavy metal deposits is influenced by environmental factors, body size, weight, and gender. Heavy metals can affect hard, thickness, volume, and color of the shell.
Mangrove ecosystem is a habitat of Molluscs (Gastropoda and Bivalvia). This ecosystem is always influenced by environmental factors. This study aims to determine the influence of environmental factors on the distribution patterns Molluscs of natural mangrove ecosystems in Pannikiang Island, Barru Regency and rehabilitation mangrove ecosystem in Tongke-tongke village, Sinjai regency. This research uses the quantitative method. Environmental factors measured were temperature and salinity of the water, as well as carbon and nitrogen content of sediment. Samples of Molluscs (Gastropoda and Bivalves) and sediments were taken randomly. The observations of the Molluscan community include the composition of Mollusc species (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) and dispersal patterns. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the distribution pattern of Molluscs (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) at both sites was not significantly different and the temperature, salinity, carbon, and nitrogen sediments also did not affect the Mollusk distribution pattern in both sites. Ekosistem mangrove merupakan habitat Moluska (Gastropoda dan Bivalvia). Ekosistem ini selalu dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor lingkungan terhadap pola distribusi pada ekosistem mangrove alami di Pulau Pannikiang, Kabupaten Barru dan ekosistem mangrove hasil rehabilitasi di Desa Tongke-tongke, Kabupaten Sinjai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Faktor lingkungan yang diukur adalah suhu dan salinita air, serta kandungan karbon dan nitrogen sedimen. Sampel Moluska (Gastropoda dan Bivalvia) dan sedimen diambil secara acak. Pengamatan komunitas Moluska meliputi komposisi jenis Moluska (Gastropoda dan Bivalvia) dan pola penyebaran. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola distribusi Moluska (Gastropoda dan Bivalvia) pada kedua lokasi tidak berbeda nyata dan suhu, salinitas, karbon, dan nitrogen sedimen juga tidak mempengaruhi pola distribusi Moluska di kedua lokasi penelitian.
Terebralia palustris is a snail that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail is found around the mangrove roots. Snail fecundity is also influenced by several factors. This study aims to determine the association of fecundity with morphometrics and environmental factors. sampling is done randomly. The research station is 2. Each station has one plot measuring 10 m x 10 m and in it, there is a small plot measuring 0.5 m x 0.5 m in 4 pieces. Data were analyzed by regression using SPSS version 21 software. The average fecundity of snails in September was 85887.64 granules, October was 45962.67 granules, and November was 35668.62 granules. The average temperature of seawater is 35.20 ± 0.16 ˚C, the average salinity of seawater is 32.27 ± 0.63 ‰, and the average pH of seawater is 6.39 ± 0.09. The results of the regression analysis showed signs that the snail morphometry of T. palustris did not affect snail fecundity because the significance value was far above 0.05. The results of the regression analysis showed that acidity factors significantly affected fecundity with a significance value of 0.047 and the other factors is not affect.
The mangrove ecosystem has different density levels per location. It can be influenced by environmental factors or because of human assistance. This research was conducted in Tongke-tongke Village, Sinjai Regency and Pannikiang Island, Barru District. Observations were conducted on three groups, namely groups of trees, stakes, and seedlings. Tree group used plot size 10 m x 10 m, stakes group used plot size 5m x 5m, and the group of seedlings used plot size 1 m x 1m. The result of tree group density will be compared with the standard criteria of mangrove damage of the Minister of Environment to know the criteria and the level of density. The mangrove ecosystem in Tongke-tongke village is overgrown by Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia sp. and is dominated by R. mucronata with very dense density. In the tree group, R. mucronata has a density of 8020 Ind Ha-1. The mangrove ecosystem in Pannikiang Island is overgrown with Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Aegiceras floridum, Ceriops tagal, Avicennia sp., Excoearia agallocha, and Lumnitzera racemosa and has a rare and moderate density. In the tree group, the highest density in C. tagal with a density of 1270 Ind Ha-1 and indicated moderate density. Competition is always there in the ecosystem. The species of this ecosystem is fighting for space and nutrients. Therefore, competition can determine the density of plants in it.
Snail Nerita lineata is a snail that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail is also found in the mangrove ecosystem in the Village of Tongke-Tongke, Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aims to provide information about the morphometrics of snails N. lineata. This research was conducted for six months, from April to September 2019. There were three research stations, namely A, B, and C, which were grouped according to mangrove age. group A is mangrove ⩾10 years old, group B is mangrove ⩾20 years old, and group C is mangrove which is rove30 years old. Each station uses a large plot measuring 10m x 10m and inside there are four small plots measuring 0.5m x 0.5m. sampling is done every month. Morphometric measurements using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and weighing using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.1 gr. Morphometric parameters observed were shell length (SL), shell width (SW), spire height (SpH), columella length (CL), shell opening width (AW), shell opening length (AL), and snail weight (W). Data were analyzed for correlation and Paired Sample Test using SPSS software. Morphometric snails in mangrove groups A, B, and C are not much different. In the mangrove group A, there are several morphometric parameters that are not correlated with each other. In the mangrove groups B and C, the parameters of shell length (SL) and shell width (SW) do not correlate. The results of the Paired Sample Test showed the significant length of snail (SL) between mangrove A and mangrove B and length of snails in mangrove B and mangrove C. None of the results of paired sample test showed significant snail weight.
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