The present study examined whether replacing fat with inulin or lupin-kernel fibre influenced palatability, perceptions of satiety, and food intake in thirty-three healthy men (mean age 52 years, BMI 27·4 kg/m 2 ), using a within-subject design. On separate occasions, after fasting overnight, the participants consumed a breakfast consisting primarily of either a full-fat sausage patty (FFP) or a reduced-fat patty containing inulin (INP) or lupin-kernel fibre (LKP). Breakfast variants were alike in mass, protein and carbohydrate content; however the INP and LKP breakfasts were 36 and 37 % lower in fat and 15 and 17 % lower in energy density respectively compared with the FFP breakfast. The participants rated their satiety before breakfast then evaluated patty acceptability. Satiety was rated immediately after consuming the breakfast, then over the subsequent 4·5 h whilst fasting. Food consumed until the end of the following day was recorded. All patties were rated above 'neither acceptable or unacceptable', however the INP rated lower for general acceptability (P¼0·039) and the LKP lower for flavour (P¼0·023) than the FFP. The LKP breakfast rated more satiating than the INP (P¼0·010) and FFP (P¼0·016) breakfasts. Total fat intake was 18 g lower on the day of the INP (P¼ 0·035) and 26 g lower on the day of the LKP breakfast (P¼0·013) than the FFP breakfast day. Energy intake was lower (1521 kJ) only on the day of the INP breakfast (P¼ 0·039). Both inulin and lupin-kernel fibre appear to have potential as fat replacers in meat products and for reducing fat and energy intake in men.

Objective: To examine the effect of a diet containing a novel legume food ingredient, Australian sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) kernel fibre (LKFibre), compared to a control diet without the addition of LKFibre, on serum lipids in men. Design: Randomized crossover dietary intervention study. Setting: Melbourne, Australia -Free-living men. Subjects: A total of 38 healthy males between the ages of 24 and 64 y completed the intervention. Intervention: Subjects consumed an LKFibre and a control diet for 1 month each. Both diets had the same background menus with seven additional experimental foods that either contained LKFibre or did not. Depending on energy intake, the LKFibre diet was designed to contain an additional 17 to 30 g/day fibre beyond that of the control diet. Results: Compared to the control diet, the LKFibre diet reduced total cholesterol (TC) (mean7s.e.m.; 4.571.7%; P ¼ 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (5.472.2%; P ¼ 0.001), TC: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (3.072.0%; P ¼ 0.006) and LDL-C:HDL-C (3.872.6%; P ¼ 0.003). No effects on HDL-C, triacylglycerols, glucose or insulin were observed. Conclusions: Addition of LKFibre to the diet provided favourable changes to some serum lipid measures in men, which, combined with its high palatability, suggest this novel ingredient may be useful in the dietary reduction of coronary heart disease risk.

OBJECTIVE -Diabetic subjects have a high prevalence of hypertension, increased total body exchangeable sodium levels, and an impaired ability to excrete a sodium load. This study assessed the effect of dietary sodium restriction on the efficacy of losartan in hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes and albumin excretion rates of 10 -200 g/min.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -In this study, 20 subjects were randomized to losartan 50 mg/day (n ϭ 10) or placebo (n ϭ 10). Drug therapy was given in two 4-week phases separated by a washout period. In the last 2 weeks of each phase, patients were assigned to low-or regular-sodium diets, in random order. In each phase, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and renal hemodynamics were measured.RESULTS -Achieved urinary sodium on a low-sodium diet was 85 Ϯ 14 and 80 Ϯ 22 mmol/day in the losartan and placebo groups, respectively. In the losartan group, the additional blood pressureϪlowering effects of a low-sodium diet compared with a regularsodium diet for 24-h systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures were 9.7 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2Ϫ17.2; P ϭ 0.002), 5.5 mmHg (2.6Ϫ8.4; P ϭ 0.002), and 7.3 mmHg (3.3Ϫ11.3; P ϭ 0.003), respectively. In the losartan group, the ACR decreased significantly on a low-sodium diet versus on a regular-sodium diet (Ϫ29% [CI Ϫ50.0 to Ϫ8.5%] vs. ϩ14% [Ϫ19.4 to 47.9%], respectively; P ϭ 0.02). There was a strong correlation between fall in blood pressure and percent reduction in the ACR (r ϭ 0.7, P ϭ 0.02). In the placebo group, there were no significant changes in blood pressure or ACR between regularand low-sodium diets. There were no significant changes in renal hemodynamics in either group.CONCLUSIONS -These data demonstrated that a low-sodium diet potentiates the antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects of losartan in type 2 diabetes. The blood pressure reduction resulting from the addition of a low-sodium diet to losartan was of similar magnitude to that predicted from the addition of a second antihypertensive agent. Diabetes Care 25:663-671, 2002H igh blood pressure is an important modifiable risk factor in preventing diabetic micro-and macrovascular complications. Subjects with diabetes have a high prevalence of hypertension and often require multiple antihypertensive agents to achieve blood pressure targets (1).The role of ACE inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy is well established in patients with type 2 (2) and type 1 diabetes (3). More recently, blockade of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin (ANG)-II receptor antagonists has been shown to attenuate the rate of progression of renal dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes (4,5).In nondiabetic subjects with renal disease, the antiproteinuric effects of ACE inhibitors strongly depend on dietary sodium intake (6). Furthermore, the antihypertensive effects of ANG-II receptor antagonists have shown dependence on the baseline activation of the RAS in nondiabetic patients (7). In...

Consumption of some dietary fibres may benefit bowel health; however, the effect of Australian sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) kernel fibre (LKFibre) is unknown. The present study examined the effect of a high-fibre diet containing LKFibre on bowel function and faecal putative risk factors for colon cancer compared to a control diet without LKFibre. Thirty-eight free-living, healthy men consumed an LKFibre and a control diet for 1 month each in a single-blind, randomized, crossover study. Depending on subject energy intake, the LKFibre diet was designed to provide 17-30 g/d fibre (in experimental foods) above that of the control diet. Bowel function self-perception, frequency of defecation, transit time, faecal output, pH and moisture, faecal levels of SCFA and ammonia, and faecal bacterial b-glucuronidase activity were assessed. In comparison to the control diet, the LKFibre diet increased frequency of defecation by 0·13 events/d (P¼0·047), increased faecal output by 21 % (P¼0·020) and increased faecal moisture content by 1·6 % units (P¼ 0·027), whilst decreasing transit time by 17 % (P¼0·012) and decreasing faecal pH by 0·26 units (P, 0·001). Faecal butyrate concentration was increased by 16 % (P ¼ 0·006), butyrate output was increased by 40 % (P¼ 0·002) and b-glucuronidase activity was lowered by 1·4 mmol/h per g wet faeces compared to the control diet (P,0·001). Addition of LKFibre to the diet incorporated into food products improved some markers of healthy bowel function and colon cancer risk in men.