The roles of the protein tyrosine kinases Pyk2 (also called RAFTK or CAK β) and Syk in the process of functional activation of human myeloid cells were examined. During granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the amounts of Pyk2 and β2 integrin increased, whereas the amount of Syk was abundant before differentiation and did not change during differentiation. When the granulocytic cells were stimulated withN-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 occurred promptly and subsequent association of Pyk2 with β2 integrin was detected. In contrast, Syk was not tyrosine phosphorylated by fMLP stimulation but constitutively associated with β2 integrin. Stimulation with fMLP also caused the alteration of β2 integrin to an activated form, a finding that was confirmed by the observation of fMLP-induced cell attachment on fibrinogen-coated dishes and inhibition of this attachment by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. Cell attachment to fibrinogen caused the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 and the initial tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, which was also inhibited by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Pyk2 and Syk represented kinase activities to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of several molecules in the anti-β2 integrin immunoprecipitates of the attached cells. These results showed that Pyk2 is involved in the functional activation of granulocytic cells in 2 signaling pathways: an fMLP receptor–mediated “inside-out” signaling pathway that might cause β2 integrin activation and a subsequent β2 integrin–mediated “outside-in” signaling pathway. Syk was activated in relation to cell attachment to fibrinogen as a result of “outside-in” signaling, although it was already associated with β2 integrin before fMLP stimulation.
In this study, we investigated the role of charged residues in ligand binding interactions of f-Met-Leu-Phe receptors (FPR). Charged residues of FPR, both conserved and nonconserved, which are located close to the membrane interface were mutated to alanine to determine their role in ligand binding. The mutated residues belonged to specific domains of FPR which have previously been implicated in FPR ligand binding interactions. We demonstrate that nonconserved charged residues such as Arg84, Lys85, Arg205 and Asp284 and conserved charge residue Arg163 seem to play a role in ligand binding. However, alteration of nonconserved charged residue Asp106 did not have any effect. In conclusion, specific charged residues of FPR, both conserved nonconserved, may contribute to FPR function either directly or indirectly.Keywords: charged residue; f-Met-Leu-Phe; fMLF receptor; ligand binding; neutrophil.Cell surface f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptors (FPR) mediate chemotaxis [1,2] of neutrophils from blood vessels to sites of infection [3] where they phagocytose invading microorganisms, release bacteriolytic enzymes and generate superoxide radicals culminating in the destruction of microbes [4]. Chemoattractants such as fMLF are released by bacteria [5], and are recognized by host cell receptors such as FPR. Although the structure±activity relationship of FPR for specific formylated peptides has been suggested [6,7], the amino acid residues of the receptor which interact directly with the ligand have not been fully characterized. Initial studies on the FPR ligand binding domains suggested that the ligand may occupy a hydrophobic pocket in the receptor [6]. However, the specific residues that constitute the binding pocket remain unknown. Analysis of synthetic polypeptides corresponding to subdomains of the FPR [8] as well as studies involving chimeric receptor molecules [9] implicated the first extracellular loop in ligand binding. More recently, Quehenberger et al.[10] used the same chimeric receptor model to demonstrate the importance to high affinity binding of three noncontiguous clusters of amino acids in the first extracellular loop of FPR. In our studies, we directly changed individual polar residues by site-directed mutagenesis in the high affinity FPR and determined the effect of such mutations on the activity of the receptor. The rationale of focusing on charged residues is based upon their demonstrated contribution to ligand binding of other structurally similar receptors (e.g. lysine in bacteriorhodopsin [11] and their nonconservativeness within the subfamily of seven-transmembrane domain receptor family to which FPR belongs [12]. We examined the effects on FPR function of mutations of charged residues located in the proximity of the membrane interface of FPR. The results implicate Arg84 and Lys85 in the second extracellular loop, Arg163 and Arg205 in the third extracellular loop and Asp284 in the fourth extracellular loop in FPR ligand binding and cell activation. M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S Construction of ...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.