Recently, one-dimensional nanostructures with different morphologies (such as nanowires, nanorods (NRs), and nanotubes) have become the focus of intensive research, because of their unique properties with potential applications. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials has been found to be highly attractive, because of the remarkable potential for applications in many different areas such as solar cells, sensors, piezoelectric devices, photodiode devices, sun screens, antireflection coatings, and photocatalysis. Here, we present an innovative approach to create a new modified textile by direct in situ growth of vertically aligned one-dimensional (1D) ZnO NRs onto textile surfaces, which can serve with potential for biosensing, photocatalysis, and antibacterial applications. ZnO NRs were grown by using a simple aqueous chemical growth method. Results from analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the ZnO NRs were dispersed over the entire surface of the textile. We have demonstrated the following applications of these multifunctional textiles: (1) as a flexible working electrode for the detection of aldicarb (ALD) pesticide, (2) as a photocatalyst for the degradation of organic molecules (i.e., Methylene Blue and Congo Red), and (3) as antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli. The ZnO-based textile exhibited excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial activities, and it showed a promising sensing response. The combination of sensing, photocatalysis, and antibacterial properties provided by the ZnO NRs brings us closer to the concept of smart textiles for wearable sensing without a deodorant and antibacterial control. Perhaps the best known of the products that is available in markets for such purposes are textiles with silver nanoparticles. Our modified textile is thus providing acceptable antibacterial properties, compared to available commercial modified textiles.
We have developed the means to simultaneously measure the physical size and count catecholamine molecules in individual nanometer transmitter vesicles. This is done by combining resistive pulse (RP) measurements in a nanopore pipet and vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) at an electrode as the vesicle exits the nanopore. Analysis of freshly isolated bovine adrenal vesicles shows that the size and internal catecholamine concentration of vesicles varies with the occurrence of a dense core inside the vesicles. These results might benefit the understanding about the vesicles maturation, especially involving the “sorting by retention” process and concentration increase of intravesicular catecholamine. The methodology is applicable to understanding soft nanoparticle collisions on electrodes, vesicles in exocytosis and phagocytosis, intracellular vesicle transport, and analysis of electroactive drugs in exosomes.
The emergence of textile-based wearable sensors as light-weight portable devices to monitor desired parameters, has recently gained much interest and has led to the development of flexible electronics on non-rigid substrates. The flexible biosensors may result in improved sports performance, to monitor the desired bodies for injuries, improved clinical diagnostics and monitor biological molecules and ions in biological fluids such as saliva, sweat. In addition, they could help users with different types of disorders such as blindness. In this context, new composite and nanomaterials have been found to be promising candidates to obtain improved performance of the textile based wearable devices and to optimize the structures for intimate contact with the skin for better functionality. This review aims to provide the most recent cutting-edge information on emergence, fabrication, materials, and applications of chemical and physical flexible and stretchable textile-based (bio)sensors. Besides this, we discusss the recent key innovations and applications of textile-based sensors in healthcare.
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