A theoretical imaging method is used to study the induced effects of a spherical surface on the photodetached electron spectra of a mono-atomic negative ion (H − ). Analytical formulas are derived for the detached electron flux and the total photodetachment cross section. The radius of the spherical surface strongly affects the spectra of the flux as well as the cross section. The analysis of the spectra reveals that the curvature of the surface controls the oscillations in the spectra, and the plane wall case reported in Afaq and Du (2007 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 40 1309) is a special case of the spherical surface.
SUMMARY
Subject
Participants had type 2 diabetes, were on stable medication regimens,
had HbA1c levels between 7% and <9%, retained
at least 16 natural teeth, and had untreated chronic periodontitis. A total
of 514 participants were enrolled between November 2009 and March 2012 from
diabetes and dental clinics and communities affiliated with five
participating academic medical centers. They were randomized with half
(n = 257) allocated to a treatment group and
the other half (n = 257) to a control group.
Key Exposure/Study Factor
The exposure was non-surgical periodontal treatment comprising
scaling and root planing, oral hygiene instruction, and oral rinsing with
chlorhexidine provided to the treatment group at baseline. Supportive
periodontal therapy was also provided at 3 and 6 months. The control group
received no treatment for the 6-month duration of the study.
Main Outcome Measure
The primary outcome measure was “the difference in change in
HbA1c level from baseline between the two groups at 6
months.” Secondary outcomes included changes in periodontal probing
depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival
index, fasting glucose level, and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2)
score.
Main Results
The authors report that enrollment into their Diabetes and
Periodontal Therapy Trial (DPTT) was terminated early due to futility. At 6
months, mean HbA1c levels in the periodontal therapy group
increased 0.17 (±1.0)%, compared with 0.11
(±1.0)% in the control group, with no significant difference
between groups based on a linear regression model adjusting for clinical
site (mean difference, −0.05% [95% CI:
−0.23% to 0.12%]; p
= 0.55). Periodontal measures improved in the treatment group
compared with the control group at 6 months, with adjusted between-group
differences of 0.28 mm (95% CI: 0.18–0.37) for PPD; 0.25 mm
(95% CI: 0.14–0.36) for clinical attachment loss;
13.1% (95% CI: 8.1%–18.1%) for BOP;
and 0.27 (95% CI: 0.17–0.37) for gingival index
(p < 0.001 for all).
Conclusions
The authors conclude: “Nonsurgical periodontal
therapy did not improve glycemic control in patients with type 2
diabetes and moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis. These findings
do not support the use of nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients
with diabetes for the purpose of lowering levels of
HbA1c.”
A four level double lambda-type atomic configuration is extended to polychromatic pump fields driven from the ground to the same excited hyperfine sublevel. Multiple superluminal regions are observed in the gain peak regions and between the two pairs of gain peak regions. Furthermore, the effect of cross Kerr nonlinearity is introduced in the system by applying an additional driving field. Large enhancement in the superluminality is observed as compared to the previously observed superluminality without the Kerr nonlinearity. The results clearly show a small negative group velocity of −0.72 m s −1 with a negative time delay of −42.2 ms in the presence of the Kerr field. In this connection, useful theoretical techniques are presented for the enhancement of slow and fast light propagation. This generalized model is adjustable with the current applied technologies of cloaking devices and spacial mode images.
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