Este trabajo busca contribuir a la discusión sobre el proceso de expansión del estado Inka hacia las áreas periféricas del sur de los Andes, particularmente en los valles costeros Lluta y Azapa del extremo norte de Chile. Este proceso es analizado explorando el rol del arte rupestre -como soporte material de transmisión de ideología-en el proceso de integración que experimentaron las poblaciones locales de los valles de Lluta y Azapa ante el arribo de la influencia incaica. Se busca responder si existe en el área de estudio un arte rupestre que pueda ser reconocido como Inka, y cómo éste se relaciona con el proceso de expansión del estado Inka. Se analizan tres sitios habitacionales con presencia de bloques grabados, ocupados durante el período Tardío o Inka (1.400-1.530 d.C.): Millune y Vinto en el valle de Lluta y Achuyo en el valle de Azapa. Sobre la base de diferencias formales del arte rupestre relacionadas con variaciones en la composición de componentes cerámicos, arquitectura y organización del espacio de los sitios, postulamos la existencia de un patrón de arte rupestre de origen local pre-Inka, que es transformado y utilizado por el Inka de acuerdo a los intereses imperiales de expansión ideológica y control de esta provincia. Concluimos que uno de los cambios más notorios provocados por el orden Inka ocurre en la transformación formal del arte rupestre local y su uso en espacios públicos.Palabras claves: Arte rupestre, asentamientos habitacionales, expansión Inka. This paper intends to contribute to discussion of the Inka state expansion toward the peripheral areas of the southern Andes, including the Lluta and Azapa coastal valleys, northern Chile. This process is analysed through exploration of the role of rock art -as a material medium for ideological transmission-in the Inka integration of local populations. We try to demonstrate whether it is possible to recognize an Inka rock art and how this was related to the Inka expansion. We analyse three small residential sites, which include engraved stones and were occupied, at least, during the Late period (ca. 1300-1450 A.D.). Millune and Vinto are in the Lluta valley and Achuyo is in the Azapa valley. Based on differences in the formal
The properties of deep donor states (DX centers) in III-V alloys are discussed in relation to their influence on device characteristics and performance. The techniques to avoid or minimize such deleterious effects in AlGaAs-based devices are discussed, along with their physical basis, and some guidelines for improved III-V device design are established. New results about the benefits of proper donor selection, the role of In alloying, the advantage of δ doping in layers and in modulation-doped devices, and the use of AlInAs and InGaP as alternative wide band-gap III-V alloys are presented.
Archeological ceramic paste material typically consists of a mix of a clay matrix and various millimeter and sub-millimeter sized mineral inclusions. Micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a standard compositional classification tool and in this work we propose and demonstrate an improved fluorescence map processing protocol where the mineral inclusions are automatically separated from the clay matrix to allow independent statistical analysis of the two parts. Application of this protocol allowed us to enhance the discrimination between different ceramic shards compared with the standard procedure of working with only the spatially averaged elemental concentrations. Using the new protocol, we performed an initial compositional classification of a set of 83 ceramic shards from the western slopes of the south central Andean region in the Arica y Parinacota region (Chile). Comparing the classifications obtained using the new versus the old (average concentrations only) protocols, we found that some samples were erroneously classified with the old protocol. From an archaeological perspective, a broad and heterogeneous regional sample set was used in this experimental study due to the fact that this was the first such analysis to be performed on ceramics from this region. This allowed a general overview to be obtained, however further work on more specific sample sets will be necessary to extract concrete archaeological conclusions.
Deep levels have been characterized in Si-doped and undoped InAlAs layers lattice matched to InP. At ambient pressure and low temperature. the Schottky junction capacitance shows a small persistent photocapacitance effect, related to photoionization thresholds at 0.6 and 1.1 eV. Deep-level translent spectroscopy spectra show a dominant, low-density electron trap at around 320 K, with an emission energy very dependent on the bias conditions and t h e hydrostatic pressure (0.5 to 0.9 eV). This is attributed to an interaction of a high density of interface states with the trap emission process. Under hydrostatic pressure, neither the PPC per cent nor the OLTS spectra shape changes. Photoluminescence spectra in both Sidoped and undoped InAlAs layers show two weak peaks at 0.80 and 0.95 eV, that we suggest are due to a native defect involving an As antisite. W e conclude that the detected traps have no relation with the DX centres.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the reality of risk prevention in construction sector companies in Spain, from the perspective of training, management, and risk prevention, as well as the amount of resources that are allocated to those budget headings. An in-depth comparative review has been conducted, using the data obtained from two focus groups that were expressly created for the study, in conjunction with the Second European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emergent Risks (ESENER-2) and its Spanish counterpart (ESENER-2 Spain). The focus groups were formed with agents and entrepreneurs involved in the construction sector, from both the public and the private sector, in order to provide greater impartiality to the resulting data. The principal strategic indicators that served as a guideline for the moderators of the different focus groups were analyzed. The results obtained show great similarity between the data from the focus groups and the data from ESENER-2 and ESENER-2 Spain; which demonstrates the idiosyncrasies that surround this productive sector in the European setting, so badly treated by the economic crisis. All of these points highlight the imperative need to professionalize the construction sector, implementing a “risk prevention culture” among all of the agents involved in the constructive-preventive processes that surround construction activities.
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