In Anatolia, numerous bridges have been constructed throughout history for essential reasons. It is important to preserve the bridges and hand them down to the future generations as they have hints regarding the materials and construction techniques used in the past. Irgandi Bridge located on Gökdere in Bursa city, which is the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, has a special importance among bridges around the world. It is one of the few bridges around the world, which have had commercial activities with shops on it along with the purpose of transportation. This symbolic structure in terms of cultural, historical and constructional aspects is located in Bursa which includes 1st degree seismic hazard zone. Therefore, preservation of the bridge requires investigation of its seismic performance and taking necessary precautions. Irgandi Bridge was modeled by ANSYS software using finite element method (FEM). Convergence study was performed to determine the accurate number of elements. Modal and linear dynamic analysis of the Irgandi Bridge was conducted after the number of elements were determined by the convergence study. Therefore, seven earthquake records were scaled and performed to the system according to EC-8 (Eurocode-8). Stress distributions and displacements were examined as a result of linear dynamic analysis. It was determined that the maximum displacement occurred at the top of the bridge and the principal stress occurred in the support regions. As a result of the analyses, it was proposed to strengthen the support parts of the bridge, which were determined to be damaged under earthquake impact.
Conquered by the Ottomans in the 14th century, Skopje has always maintained its importance for the Ottoman Empire thanks to its strategic location in the Balkans. Before the Ottoman Empire, Skopje, a small city within the castle, showed a great improvement after Ottoman conquest with the building complexes (imarets) built in the east-west direction beside the castle and the housing units (neighborhoods) developing around these complexes. Although there was an intensive construction activity in Skopje in 15th and 16th centuries, 17th and 18th centuries were stagnation periods for architectural development of the city.19th century is a period in which radical changes occurred depending the acceptance of the Tanzimat Decree and the Westernization movements in the Ottoman Empire. These radical changes in the Ottoman Empire have been reflected to urban space and buildings of Skopje (depending on the importance given by the II. Abdülhamid to the city).The purpose of this study is to examine physical changes in Skopje, one of the Ottoman cities where the city administration organizations started to establish after the Tanzimat Decree, from the mid 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century in the light of recent political, social and economic developments of the Ottoman Empire in that period.In the first part of the study changing process and Westernization of Ottoman Empire in the 19th century is elaborated represented. Moreover, in order to be able to comprehend more clearly the physical change that Skopje experienced during the 19th century and the general situation of Skopje before the Modernization is given over the map; thereafter spatial changes that took place depending on political, social and economic reasons is put forward. Finally spatial changes after the Tanzimat Decree are shown and interpreted over the 1914 Map of Skopje.
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Döneminin önde gelen mimarlarından Mimar Sinan tarafından tasarımı yapılan köprülerin birçoğu, kullanılan malzeme ve yapım tekniklerine bağlı olarak günümüzde varlıklarını sürdürmektedir. Bu köprülerde genellikle kemer formlarının tercih edilmesinin sebebi çekme dayanımı düşük doğal malzemelerden inşa edilmesidir. Çalışmada, Mimar Sinan tarafından tasarlanan 10 köprü ve bu köprülerde bulunan 48 kemer yapısı üzerinde istatistiksel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeye bağlı olarak açıklığı ve yüksekliği farklı 25 kemer sonlu elemanlar yöntemiyle modellenmiştir. Bu kemer yapılarının mafsallaşma durumları, göçme yükü, maksimum yerdeğiştirmesi, sünekliği, enerji tüketme kapasitesi incelenmiş ve regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, incelenen köprü kemerleri için maksimum yerdeğiştirmeyi ve göçme yükünü veren bağıntılar önerilmiştir.
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