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Field experiment was conducted during rabi season for two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) on wheat cultivar HD- 2967 in a sandy loam soil (Inceptisol) for simulation of evapotranspiration, crop water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of wheat under different tillage (Conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)), residue (maize residue @ 5 t ha-1 (R+) and without residue (R0)) and nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1, representing 50% (N60), 100% (N120) and 150% (N180) of the recommended dose of nitrogen for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively management practices using DSSAT (v 4.6) model. Experimental data of the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was used for the calibration and validation of the model, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in grain and biomass yield due to tillage and crop residue mulch but it increased significantly with increase in the N levels. The WUE of wheat was also not influenced by tillage but increased significantly with the increase in N levels. The DSSAT model could satisfactorily simulate grain yield (R2 = 0.759), biomass yield (R2= 0.728) and seasonal ET (R2= 0.904) in wheat but simulation of WUE (R2= 0.414) was not significant under different tillage, residue and nitrogen management with acceptable level of accuracy.

In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution and performance of seasonal precipitation in all districts of Haryana, India. We analysed the gridded precipitation dataset of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for a period of 120 years (1901–2020) using different statistical methods. We found that Haryana received a mean precipitation of 37.0, 37.7, 468.3, and 24.8 mm during the winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. During each season, the eastern districts of Haryana received more precipitation than its western counterparts. Sen's slope results obtained after trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) showed a statistically significant increasing trend of 0.12 mm (p-value; 0.04) during the pre-monsoon period, whereas decreasing but non-significant trends were observed during the winter, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons at the rate of −0.04 mm (p-value; 0.49), −0.26 mm (p-value; 0.52), −0.05 mm (p-value; 0.33) per year, respectively, for the entire Haryana state. The winter precipitation is expected to increase under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario, whereas pre-monsoon precipitation is expected to decrease under the RCP8.5 scenario by the end of the 21st century. The monsoon precipitation is expected to decrease under all RCP scenarios, whereas post-monsoon precipitation is expected to gradually increase under the RCP8.5 scenario by the end of the 21st century.