Smokers with diabetes mellitus substantially lower their risks of microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, in particular cardiovascular disease, by quitting smoking. However, subsequent post-smoking-cessation weight gain may attenuate some of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation and discourage attempts to quit. Weight gain can temporarily exacerbate diabetes and deteriorate glycemic control and metabolic profile. The molecular mechanisms by which quitting smoking leads to weight gain are largely associated with the removal of nicotine’s effects on the central nervous system. This review addresses mechanisms of post-smoking-cessation weight gain, by reviewing the effects of nicotine on appetite, food intake, eating behaviour, energy expenditure, fat oxidation and appetite-regulating peptides. We also highlight correlations between post-cessation weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes, consequences of weight gain in people with type 2 diabetes and the role of pharmacotherapies, which combine treatment of nicotine addiction and promotion of weight control.
Background: The fixed combination of extrafine beclometasone dipropionate 100 μg/formoterol 6 μg (extrafine BDP/F) delivered by NEXThaler has proved to be effective in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma in terms of lung function, symptoms and asthma control. The aim of this study was to investigate the usability/satisfaction of NEXThaler and adherence to treatment in asthma patients not well controlled by low-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Methods: This was a 6-month prospective, multicenter, open-label, observational study in 661 patients with asthma not well controlled by low-dose ICS according to the physician’s clinical assessment, which have received regular treatment with extrafine BDP/F NEXThaler. Feeling of Satisfaction with Inhaler (FSI), treatment adherence with self-reported Morisky scale, asthma control, lung function and QoL were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment with extrafine BDP/F. Results: The percentage of patients at least “fairly” satisfied with NEXThaler usability (FSI-10 score 40 to 50) was 96.3%. The mean FSI-10 total score was 46.8 ± 4.4 on Visit 2 and increased to 48.1 ± 3.3 on Visit 3 (p < 0.001). Approximately 67% of the patients reported “high adherence” on Visit 2, and 70% of them reported “high adherence” on Visit 3. The percentage of patients with ACQ-6-uncontrolled asthma decreased from 79.1% on Visit 1 to 22.3% on Visit 2 and further decreased to 6.7% on Visit 3. Significant improvements were also observed in the total AQLQ score, predicted FEV1% and reduction in rescue medication use. Conclusions: The NEXThaler device, delivering a combination of BDP/F, achieves satisfaction and high adherence in patients with asthma not well controlled with low-dose ICS. Asthma control, QoL, lung function and rescue medication use were improved in a Greek real-world setting.
In this article, early career members of the Epidemiology and Environment Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) summarise a selection of five sessions from the Society's 2022 congress, with a focus on areas of specific interest for the Assembly,i.e.epidemiology and risk factors of respiratory diseases in both children and adults. Topics covered include the characterization of obstructive respiratory diseases, their comorbidities, and their evolution, with novel insight from large cohorts. The importance of early-life factors in respiratory health was also emphasized, including maternal exposures and habits during pregnancy. As smoking behaviours have changed following the introduction of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products, research remains very active to determine the health consequences and predictors of these novel uses, especially in teenagers. The impact of environmental and occupational exposures on respiratory health remains a major topic of the congress, this year with a focus on emerging risk factors such as landscape fire smoke, non-exhaust particles, and nanoparticles. Regarding workplace exposures, old and novel causes of occupational asthma and rhinitis were discussed.
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