Niosomes (the nonionic surfactant vesicles), considered as novel drug delivery systems, can improve the solubility and stability of natural pharmaceutical molecules. They are established to provide targeting and controlled release of natural pharmaceutical compounds. Many factors can influence on niosome construction such as the preparation method, type and amount of surfactant, drug entrapment, temperature of lipids hydration, and the packing factor. The present review discusses about the most important features of niosomes such as their diverse structures, the different preparation approaches, characterization techniques, factors that affect their stability, their use by various routes of administration, their therapeutic applications in comparison with natural drugs, and specially the brain targeting with niosomes-ligand conjugation. It also provides recent data about the various types of ligand agents which make available active targeting drug delivery to the central neuron system. This system has an optimistic upcoming in pharmaceutical uses, mostly with the improving availability of innovative schemes to overcome blood-brain barrier and targeting the niosomes to the brain.
The
emergence of the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) was first
seen in December 2019, which has spread rapidly and become a global
pandemic. The number of cases of COVID-19 and its associated mortality
have raised serious concerns worldwide. Early diagnosis of viral infection
undoubtedly allows rapid intervention, disease management, and substantial
control of the rapid spread of the disease. Currently, the standard
approach for COVID-19 diagnosis globally is the RT-qPCR test; however,
the limited access to kits and associated reagents, the need for specialized
lab equipment, and the need for highly skilled personnel has led to
a detection slowdown. Recently, the development of clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostic systems
has reshaped molecular diagnosis. The benefits of the CRISPR system
such as speed, precision, specificity, strength, efficiency, and versatility
have inspired researchers to develop CRISPR-based diagnostic and therapeutic
methods. With the global COVID-19 outbreak, different groups have
begun to design and develop diagnostic and therapeutic programs based
on the efficient CRISPR system. CRISPR-based COVID-19 diagnostic systems
have advantages such as a high detection speed (i.e., 30 min from
raw sample to reach a result), high sensitivity and precision, portability,
and no need for specialized laboratory equipment. Here, we review
contemporary studies on the detection of COVID-19 based on the CRISPR
system.
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