Breast cancer (BC) is a major human health problem due to its increasing incidence and mortality rate. CC and CXC chemokines are associated with tumorigenesis and the progression of many cancers. Since the prognostic values of CC and CXC families' expression in various types of cancers are becoming increasingly evident, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis elucidating the prognostic values of the CC and CXC families in BC. Therefore, TCGA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier plotter, bc-GenExMiner, cBioPortal, STRING, Enrichr, and TIMER were utilized for analysis. We found that high levels of CCL4/5/14/19/21/22 were associated with better OS and RFS, while elevated expression of CCL24 was correlated with shorter OS in BC patients. Also, high levels of CXCL9/13 indicated longer OS, and enhanced expression of CXCL12/14 was linked with better OS and RFS in BC patients. Meanwhile, increased transcription levels of CXCL8 were associated with worse OS and RFS in BC patients. In addition, our results showed that CCL5, CCL8, CCL14, CCL20, CCL27, CXCL4, and CXCL14 were notably correlated with the clinical outcomes of BC patients. Our findings provide a new point of view that may help the clinical application of CC and CXC chemokines as prognostic biomarkers in BC.
In modern world, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have become an inseparable part of routine life. Numerous electric power-generating human-made devices are now producing EMFs which are overlaid on those of earth's magnetic field. EMFs are usually identified with a 50 or 60 Hz frequency and therefore are classified under the extremely low-frequency, non-ionizing span of electromagnetic spectrum. 1 Due to these physical characteristics, ELF-EMFs are not capable of breaking molecular bond or inducing thermal effects on tissue. However, it is now proven that they can interact with human tissues and induce some weak electrical currents. 2 In addition, it is not completely understood whether biological effects induced by EMFs are hazardous for human or environment. During last few decades, a number of studies have reported beneficial effects of ELF-EMFs in treatment of cancer both in vitro and in vivo. [3][4][5][6][7] Despite this, the exact mechanism of these anti-neoplastic effects has not been confirmed yet.
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