Economic abuse, in the context of intimate relationships, is a pervasive form of violence that merits further empirical attention. We know from limited research that the rates of economic abuse appear to be high in Iran; however, there is a lack of culturally appropriate measures that can assess the extent to which women experience economic harm as a result of their partners’ actions. The present study was conducted with the aims of (a) investigating the psychometric properties of the 14-item Revised Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA2) which was translated into Persian for this study and (b) examining the prevalence of economic abuse among a sample of 371 married housewives in Qazvin, Iran. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the two-factor structure of the SEA2, with the exception of one item. Composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha demonstrated good internal consistency. The average variance extracted method, along with correlations with other financial variables, demonstrated evidence of good convergent validity. Correlations with related, but distinct forms of abuse, support the scale’s discriminant validity. Based on the collective findings, this measure can be used as a reliable and valid tool to study economic abuse among Iranian women which, within our sample, appears to be a common phenomenon. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
BackgroundGrazing in arid and semi‐arid regions faces pregnant ewes with feed restrictions and hence affects the offspring muscle fibre characteristics. Using feed additives that enhance nutrient availability during foetal muscle development is expected to alter offspring skeletal muscle characteristics.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the effect of maternal restricted nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen‐protected choline chloride on lamb's muscle fibre characteristics.MethodsForty‐eight Ghezel ewes were randomly allocated to one of six diets (N = 8) during the last 6 weeks of gestation: ad libitum feed intake (AL); restricted feeding (RF); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol (PG); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and monensin sodium (MS); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and rumen‐protected choline chloride (RPC); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen‐protected choline chloride (PMC). The muscle samples were obtained from the semitendinosus muscle of 2‐week‐old male lambs (n = 5/treatment) via biopsy and were stained and classified as fibre types I, IIA and IIB.ResultsPre‐parturient maternal feed restriction and administration of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen‐protected choline chloride had no significant effect on fibre‐type composition, fibre density of muscle, muscle cross‐sectional area and volume density of fibres (p > 0.05).ConclusionsEither maternal dietary restriction or supplementation of nutrient flux–involved additives during late pregnancy did not alter muscle fibre development and had no short‐term effects on muscle properties of the resulting offspring as myogenesis occurs in early and mid‐gestation, not late gestation. Therefore, maternal nutrition may not be a problematic issue in sheep production in arid and semi‐arid areas.
Background and Aims: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics has resulted in drug resistance. This study has been conducted to find a suitable alternative for these drugs. Materials and Methods: Primarily, standard and clinical isolates of C.albicans were collected. In order to indentify clinical isolates from lambs, the conventional mycological methods CHROM candida agar and germ tube production were used. The Antifungal effects of experimental treatments were evaluated against C.albicans by disk diffusion and measuring the growth inhibition zone in well diffusion method. Moreover, the MIC and MFC of experimental treatments were determined by microdilution method. Results: The results of the well and disk diffusion methods showed that in both tests, the highest growth inhibition zone of the "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment was 29/41 and 27.64 mm, respectively on the standard strain of C.albicans. The results of MIC and MFC determination showed that in all experimental periods, "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" and "Nano selenium+Lactobacillus" treatments with 473.80 and 511.91 μg/ml for MIC and 807.66 and 845.28 μg/ml for MFC had the lowest amounts compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of microbial tests on C.albicans confirm the antifungal ability of "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment. Therefore, provided that this test is repeated in future studies and the accuracy of these results is ensured, manufacturing of this product or industrial supplements with this formulation may be advised for prevention or treatment of fungal infections.
In the recent decades, air and surface water pollution by nitrogen from agro-industrial discards has become a global environmental concern. Generally, these byproducts and or discards are nutrient rich and could inexpensively be utilized for various purposes marginally helping with mitigation strategies. In this context, our study was conducted in two phases: producing lactosylurea from agro-industrial by-products and subsequently evaluating the possibility of using lactosylurea as a non-protein nitrogen source in the ruminant’s diet and its effect on feed digestibility as well as ruminal parameters. Gas production test and in-vitro disappearance method were used to describe the kinetics of digestion in both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of the four experimental treatments. Protozoa count and total volatile fatty acids concentration were utilized to evaluate the ruminal parameters. The treatments were 1) basal diet + urea (BDU), 2) basal diet+ lactosylurea (BDL), 3) basal diet+ concentrated lactosylurea (BDCL), 4) basal diet+ Optigen (slow release NPN) (BDO). According to our findings, produced gas, DM, and CP disappearance in were significantly higher in concentrated lactosylurea and positive control groups than the other treatments (P<0.05). Moreover, estimated metabolizable energy, digestible organic matter and short chain fatty Acid were significantly higher for the same treatments (P<0.05). The values for protozoa count (2.66×106 organism/ml) and total volatile fatty acids concentration (30.96 mmol/L) were significantly lower and for urea treatment compared with others (P<0.05). In conclusion, lactosylurea as agro-industrial by-products can be a good alternative for urea or Optigen to reduce environmental contamination.
Due to improving the nutritive value of oilseeds and changing their digestion site in ruminants, processing, including heat treatment, seems necessary. The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of applying heat processing such as roasting, microwaving and autoclaving on nutritive values; the amount and rate of degradability in rumen, and the disappearance of rapeseed nutrients in rumen, post-rumen and total tract. This evaluation was performed using mobile nylon bags techniques; three-step method of digestion and protein CNCPS fraction. A completely randomized design was used to investigate the effect of applying heat processing, and SAS software was used to analyze the data. The field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope was used to monitored the effect of heat treatment on surface of rapeseed. The application of heat processing in this research (roasting, microwaving and autoclaving) had no significant effect on the chemical composition of rapeseed. The results obtained from mobile nylon bags method and three-step digestion method showed that raw rapeseed has the highest disappearance of DM and CP in rumen and therefore has a significant difference with processed seeds (P<0.05). Also, the disappearance of DM and CP of processed rapeseed in intestines was significantly higher than raw seed (P<0.05), and this was higher than other processing for autoclaved rapeseed. According to the results obtained from CNCPS protein fractionation, applying heat processing altering protein fractionation (P<0.05). Applying microwave processing has created cracks in the surface of the rapeseed wall, and this condition was not observed in the wall surface of other heated seeds. In general, it can be said that in addition to increasing the digestibility of rapeseed in the entire gastrointestinal tract, applying heat processing reduces its degradability in the rumen and has increased the disappearance of nutrients in the intestine, that it can be stated the digestion site is altered from rumen to intestine, which can prevent the loss of protein sources in ruminant feed.
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