Recebido em 5/12/02; aceito em 7/7/03 NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR DENGUE TRANSMISSION CONTROL-LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Myroxylon balsamum (RED OIL) AND OF TERPENOIDS AND PHENYLPROPANOIDS. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the hexane extract obtained from the medicinal plant Myroxylon balsamum (red oil) was conducted in preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The obtained fractions and some terpenoids and phenylpropanoids were assayed as larvicidal on third instar Aedes aegypti larvae, NPPN colony. The results indicate that the sesquiterpene nerolidol was the active constituent in the extract and that the sesquiterpenes were more active than the monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids utilized in this study. Lipophilicity seems to be an important property for the activity since the compounds with hydroxyl, carbonyl and methoxyl groups were less active. The results confirm also that essential oils can be a good tool for the control of dengue.Keywords: essential oil constituents; Aedes aegypti; Myroxylon balsamum. INTRODUÇÃOO dengue é uma infecção reemergente que vem preocupando as autoridades sanitárias de todo o mundo em virtude de sua circulação nos cinco continentes e grande potencial para assumir formas graves e letais. No período compreendido entre 1955 e 1995 foram registrados cerca de 3 milhões de casos de febre hemorrágica do dengue e 58 mil mortes 1 . Com o surgimento de formas resistentes do mosquito aos inseticidas convencionais utilizados, tem crescido a procura por extratos vegetais e substâncias naturais que sejam efetivas no combate ao mosquito adulto e/ou à larva de Aedes aegypti e que sejam isentas de toxicidade para o meio ambiente. Resistência a inseticidas convencionais é um dos principais obstáculos ao controle de insetos pestes de importância na agricultura e na medicina. A resistência resulta no aumento da freqüência de aplicação de inseticida, dosagens crescentes, rendimentos diminuídos, danos ambientais e surgimento de doenças, quando os vetores não podem ser controlados. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), o custo da resistência de insetos a inseticidas pode alcançar anualmente US$ 1,4 bilhões nos Estados Unidos 2 . Plantas, como organismos que co-evoluem com insetos e outros microorganismos, são fontes naturais de substâncias inseticidas e antimicrobianas, já que as mesmas são produzidas pelo vegetal em resposta a um ataque patogênico. Inúmeras substâncias acumulamse no vegetal para sua defesa contra microorganismos, algumas delas sendo denominadas de fitoalexinas 3 . As plantas sintetizam e emitem inúmeros compostos voláteis (ácidos, aldeídos e terpenos) para atrair polinizadores e se defender de herbívoros 4 . No que concerne à defesa contra herbívoros, as plantas desenvolveram dois tipos de defesa, a direta e a indireta. Na defesa direta estão envolvidas substâncias como sílica, metabólitos secundários, enzimas e proteínas, além de órgãos como tricomas e espinhos que afetam diretamente a performance do inseto. Na defesa indireta estão envolvidas substân-cias emitidas pela p...

A crescente incidência do dengue nas últimas décadas e o risco de reurbanização da febre amarela requerem estratégias efetivas e eficientes para o enfrentamento desses complexos processos ecológico-epidemiológicos pelos serviços de saúde pública no Brasil. Tradicionalmente, a principal estratégia para o controle do Aedes aegypti tem sido o uso intensivo de inseticidas para a eliminação do mosquito adulto ou de suas larvas. Para o combate ao adulto, utilizam-se com mais Resistência do Aedes aegypti ao Temefós em Municípios do Estado do CearáAedes aegypti resistance to temefos in counties of Ceará State ABSTRACTThe susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to temefos was evaluated by means of samples of eggs and larvae from four large counties in the State of Ceará (Fortaleza, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte and Crato). The technique standardized by the World Health Organization for tests with larvicides was used. The CL50 of eight samples from populations of Aedes was determined, as were their respective resistance ratios, compared to the CL50 of the susceptible Rockefeller strain. All populations submitted to the experiment showed resistance to temefos, with resistance ratios varying between 8 and 16. Analysis of these results reinforces prior evidence regarding the dissemination of temefos resistance in different locations in the state, subjected to considerable pressure for control in recent decades. The larvicide may lose its effectiveness if an urgent attempt is not made to reestablish the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti in these areas, profoundly affecting control campaigns currently under way. Key-words: Aedes aegypti. Control of vectors. Temefos. Resistance to insecticides. freqüência os inseticidas organofosforados e piretróides, geralmente durante as epidemias de dengue. No controle de larvas, o principal larvicida, empregado há décadas no país, é o organofosforado temefós, utilizado a 1ppm de princípio ativo, adsorvido em grãos de areia numa formulação contendo 1% dessa substância, que pode ser aplicada em água para o consumo humano, graças à sua baixa toxicidade oral para mamíferos.

Fractionation of

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This review aims to determine the prevalence of clinically manifested drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in hospitalized patients. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases were used to identify articles published before June 2019 that met specific inclusion criteria. The search strategy was developed using both controlled and uncontrolled vocabulary related to the following domains: "drug interactions," "clinically relevant," and "hospital." In this review, we discuss original observational studies that detected DDIs in the hospital setting, studies that provided enough data to allow us to calculate the prevalence of clinically manifested DDIs, and studies that described the drugs prescribed or provided DDI adverse reaction reports, published in either English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Results From the initial 5,999 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of clinically manifested DDIs was 9.2% (CI 95% 4.0-19.7). The mean number of medications per patient reported in six studies ranged from 4.0 to 9.0, with an overall average of 5.47 ± 1.77 drugs per patient. The quality of the included studies was moderate. The main methods used to identify clinically manifested DDIs were evaluating medical records and ward visits (n = 7). Micromedex® (27.7%) and Lexi-Comp® (27.7%) online reference databases were commonly used to detect DDIs and none of the studies evaluated used more than one database for this purpose.

We reviewed the control of transmission of leishmaniasis regarding chemotherapy, reservoirs elimination, vaccination and insect control through the use of chemical insecticides. We also discussed complementary measures like monitoring traps, impregnated bednets and curtains, repelents, pheromones, biological control, etc. A cost comparison of insecticide interventions through the use of products belonging to the four main chemical groups was also done, comparing together conventional formulations versus a slow-release insecticide developed by the Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We finally did recommendations on the situation that would justify an insecticide intervention to control sandflies.