Background: Injuries to the oblique (ODSL) or straight (SDSL) distal sesamoidean ligaments are a recognised cause of distal limb lameness in the horse. However, there are only limited publications addressing common diagnostic features and prognosis. Objectives: 1) Report findings on ultrasonography and standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) in horses with ODSL or SDSL injury; 2) Identify clinical variables associated with lesion type; 3) Identify factors associated with return to soundness in horses with ODSL or SDSL injury. Study design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Horses with a primary diagnosis of ODSL or SDSL injury confirmed with a combination of diagnostic analgesia and detection of a lesion on imaging (ultrasonographic +/-advanced imaging) were included. Return to soundness and performance follow-up data were obtained. Results: Fifty-one horses were included. SDSL injuries were more common in the forelimb (13/21, 62%) while ODSL injuries had equal frequency in fore-(15/30, 50%) and hindlimbs (15/30, 50%). ODSL injuries were more likely than SDSL injuries in the proximal third of the ligament (OR 13, 95% CI 2.3-74.3; p=0.004) and often presented with periligamentar swelling (20/30;67%) and focal pain (22/28;79%). Lesions were frequently detected using ultrasonography (35/42;83%) and sMRI examination (18/25;72%). Only 27/49 cases (55%) returned to soundness, with only 15/49 (31%) returning to intended use. There were no significant associations between outcome and clinical features or treatment. Main limitations: There was no comparative "gold standard" to validate lesions such as highfield MRI or histopathology. Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies, ODSL and SDSL injuries were readily identified ultrasonographically using appropriate views, and with sMRI. Given the limited availability, cost and general anaesthetic risks associated with high-field MRI, more focus should be placed on optimising the ultrasonographic examination. Owners of affected horses should be informed of the guarded prognosis for return to full use.
Both lesions possess very similar radiological and histological features and are therefore hard to distinguish from each other (Bryant et al., 2012). Radiographically these cysts appear as expansile and osteolytic lesions contained by a thin 'ballooned' bone layer with an internal 'soap-bubble' appearance. The margin frequently represents expanded periosteum, whereas its characteristic compartmentalised centre is the resultant of numerous small internal septa (Craig et al., 2016). Those not associated with a joint can be as-
OBJECTIVESHerpesviruses and mycoplasma have been frequently described in chelonians, particularly tortoises. Both are associated with disease of the upper respiratory and digestive systems, both have also been described in clinically healthy animals, and both are able to cause persistent infections in affected animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of both pathogens in samples from tortoises and aquatic turtles submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Europe. METHODSStandard PCR methods were used for the detection of herpesviruses and mycoplasma, samples included oral swabs and nasal washes as well as various tissues and were obtained from both clinically ill and apparently healthy animals. A total of 1015 chelonians were included. RESULTSOf the 1015 animals tested, 427 (42.1%) were positive for mycoplasma, 82 (8.1%) were herpesvirus positive. Mixed infections were detected in 51 animals (5.0%). Mixed infections were particularly common in Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii) (22.6% of the animals tested). Characterization of the herpesviruses detected showed 47.6% testudinid herpesvirus (TeHV) 1, 53.7% TeHV3, a single case of TeHV4, and one previously undescribed herpesvirus. STATEMENTThese findings demonstrate the importance of these infectious agents and their diagnosis in pet turtles and tortoises. Mycoplasma are extremely common in these animals and there has been a shift in prevalences of specific types of herpesviruses in tortoises in Europe. This may reflect effects of the pet trade on the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Demography OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to use the VetCompass database as a novel source of health and management data on pet reptiles. METHODSThe VetCompass Programme of primary-care veterinary clinical records was used to identify a study population of 1,663 reptiles attending 191 veterinary practices in England from
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