The ⌬Phe508 mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein impairs its folding, stability, and chloride channel gating. Although small molecules that separately correct defective ⌬Phe508-CFTR folding/cellular processing ("correctors") or chloride channel gating ("potentiators") have been discovered and are in clinical trials, single compounds with bona fide dual corrector and potentiator activities have not been identified. Here, screening of ϳ110,000 small molecules not tested previously revealed a cyanoquinoline class of compounds with independent corrector and potentiator activities (termed CoPo). Analysis of 180 CoPo analogs revealed 6 compounds with dual corrector and potentiator activities and 13 compounds with only potentiator activity. N-(2-((3-Cyano-5,7-dimethylquinolin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide (CoPo-22), which was synthesized in six steps in 52% overall yield, had low micromolar EC 50 for ⌬Phe508-CFTR corrector and potentiator activities by short-circuit current assay. Maximal corrector and potentiator activities were comparable with those conferred by the bithiazole Corr-4a and the flavone genistein, respectively. CoPo-22 also activated wild-type and G551D CFTR chloride conductance within minutes in a forskolin-dependent manner. Compounds with dual corrector and potentiator activities may be useful for singledrug treatment of cystic fibrosis caused by ⌬Phe508 mutation.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel. The most common CF-causing mutation, ΔF508-CFTR, produces CFTR loss-of-function by impairing its cellular targeting to the plasma membrane and its chloride channel gating. We recently identified, cyanoquinolines with both corrector (“Co”; normalizing ΔF508-CFTR targeting) and potentiator (“Po”; normalizing ΔF508-CFTR channel gating) activities. Here, we synthesized and characterized twenty-four targeted cyanoquinoline analogues to elucidate the conformational requirements for corrector and potentiator activities. Compounds with potentiator-only, corrector-only and dual potentiator-corrector activities were found. Molecular modeling studies (conformational search ⇒ force-field lowest energy assessment ⇒ geometry optimization] suggest that (1) a flexible tether and (2) a relatively short bridge between the cyanoquinoline and aryl amide moieties are important cyanoquinoline-based CoPo features. Further, these CoPo’s should adopt two distinct π-stacking conformations to elicit corrector and potentiator activities.
Several types of reduction reactions in organic synthesis are performed under aqueous micellar‐catalysis conditions (in water at ambient temperature), which produce a significant volume of foam owing to the combination of the surfactant and the presence of gas evolution. The newly engineered surfactant “Coolade” minimizes this important technical issue owing to its low‐foaming properties. Coolade is the latest in a series of designer surfactants specifically tailored to enable organic synthesis in water. This study reports the synthesis of this new surfactant along with its applications to gas‐involving reactions.
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