People possess something that machines don’t-human spirit and inspiration. It is the spirit and inspiration that leads associates to apply their human capital to meet the goals of the organization, the human spirit is highly inspired through motivation. Motivation is essential to almost any aspect of life. Understanding job satisfaction and work motivation can be key elements to improving productivity. This paper seeks to introduce the four major need theories areas: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, and McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory. It also goes further to analyze these theories bringing to the fore various similarities and differences that exist amongst them.
For system-based auditing to work effectively the auditor will like to rely on internal controls to reduce the volume of substantive testing. It is therefore important for the auditor to examine the internal control practice and procedures that are in place in the client’s business. Where weaknesses are revealed, the auditor recommends ways of improving the systems. This research examines the relationship between some components (risk assessment, control environment and control activate) of internal control systems and the effectiveness of audit program in prudential bank Weija branch. The study exploited information by the help of both primary and secondary data from questionnaires and interview schedules. However, the purposive method of sampling was used in this research work. In all 10 respondents were sampled from the fifty (50) respondents under review. The data captured in this study, was analyzed and interpreted through descriptive method by the help of frequency tables, graphical presentation and tables. Based on the investigations carried, the internal control system was seen to be significant in detection of fraud in banks in Ghana; there is therefore the need for an effective and acceptable internal control structure in banking organizations. It was therefore recommended that Prudential Bank Limited set up internal audit units at their various branches all over the country, so that there shall always be internal audit personnel to ensure adherence to the internal controls that exist in the organization. In view of this, the internal audit personnel should also be revolved at regular intermissions to prevent any form of professional misconducts.
This research presents readers with adequate information about workplace stress and its impact on the productivity of employees in the service industries, factors in the working environment that cause stressful situations and negative health consequences of workplace stress. It was necessary to undertake this research on workplace stress due to the rapid changes in the service industries which come with some sort of pressure and making the workplace more prone to stress for managers and frontline service personnel. Service personnel need to control their personal emotions so that they will be capable of managing the emotions of their customers and provide them with their service requirements in an organization. The major objective for conducting this research work is to analyze the effectiveness of workplace stress management practices at Kingstel Hotel Limited and how sources of job stress for service personnel such as perceived customer demands, uncooperative attitudes of employees, role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload and how teamwork and other mediators such as job autonomy, training, and motivational programs helps to minimize workplace stress. To enhance better understanding and thorough analysis of stressors, questionnaires were administered to service personnel at Kingstel Hotel to gather primary data for further analysis and investigation. The researcher also interviewed the marketing manager of the hotel to gather further information. Moreover, in other not underrating the significant benefits of secondary data, various articles and publications were reviewed to enrich our knowledge and information base. With the use of an online survey, the questionnaire response was translated into tables and figures for further analysis. With the help of SPSS, correlations analyze was conducted to examine correlations in the variables used and the results of the study indicated that service personnel does not have personal stress management activities and this may result in health- related issues at the workplace more often. The study also identified from the analysis that workplace stress management activities will reduce working hours. Findings suggest the more uncooperative colleagues tend to be in an organization, the heavier workload will be for employees and hence higher probability to suffer from stress. Finally, recommendations for future research are given and areas are highlighted where there is a need for more empirical research.
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