the findings of this study constitute a theoretical advancement in the Family Insufficiency Syndrome in elderly people and provide data for future field research in developing the concept.
Physical examination was the preeminent method for detecting tumor relapse in this study. None of the other tests or examinations were capable of detecting relapses in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. These results highlight the urgent need for prospective studies that compare the efficacy of different follow-up regimens, analyzing factors such as global survival, quality of life, and cost.
Neste artigo analisamos o processo de aproximação de uma professora da Educação de uma abordagem investigativa do ensino de ciências. Para isso, levantamos duas questões: Como as atividades propostas pela professora foram se aproximando de uma perspectiva investigativa? Que deslocamentos de sentidos ocorrem na maneira como a professora compreende o ensino de ciências, ao longo de seu trabalho com as crianças? Os dados da pesquisa foram construídos a partir de uma observação participante, ao longo de oito meses, em uma turma de Educação Infantil de uma escola pública municipal. No percurso da investigação foram realizados vários encontros entre a professora e a pesquisadora para o planejamento e a avaliação das atividades de ensino. Além disso, foram construídos dados por meio: (i) de entrevistas feitas pela pesquisadora com a professora; (ii) dos registros que a professora produziu das atividades didáticas e seus resultados; (iii) das produções das crianças; (iv) do caderno de campo da pesquisadora; (v) de fotografias feitas durante a pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que, ao longo das aulas, a professora criou estratégias didáticas para envolver as crianças nas atividades propostas e acolheu demandas apresentadas pela turma. Desse modo, as crianças compartilharam curiosidades, fizeram observações de fenômenos, realizaram experimentos, desenvolveram sua imaginação e se relacionaram de forma cada vez mais dialogada com a professora e com seus pares. Ao interagir com as crianças e com a pesquisadora, a professora se deslocou de uma visão mais tradicional para uma abordagem mais investigativa do ensino de ciência.
Xylella fastidiosa is a worldwide multihost pathogen that causes diseases in different crops. It is considered a new global threat and substantial efforts have been made in order to identify sources of resistance. Indeed, many genes have been associated with resistance to X. fastidiosa, but without functional validation. Here, we describe a C. reticulata gene homologous to the transcriptional factor RAP2.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana that increases resistance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). This gene was previously detected in C. reticulata challenged with X. fastidiosa. Bioinformatics analysis together with subcellular localization and auto-activation assays indicated that RAP2.2 from C. reticulata (CrRAP2.2) is a transcriptional factor orthologous to AtRAP2.2. Thus, we used A. thaliana as a model host to evaluate the functional role of CrRAP2.2 in X. fastidiosa resistance. The inoculation of X. fastidiosa in the A. thaliana rap2.2 mutant resulted in a larger bacterial population, which was complemented by CrRAP2.2. In addition, symptoms of anthocyanin accumulation were higher in the mutant, whose phenotype was restored by CrRAP2.2, indicating that they have conserved functions in plant defense response. We therefore transformed C. sinensis with CrRAP2.2 and verified a positive correlation between CVC resistance and gene expression in transgenic lines. This is the first study using A. thaliana as model host that characterizes the function of a gene related to X. fastidiosa defense response and its application in genetic engineering to obtain citrus resistance to CVC.
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