Residential buildings and premises must comply with sanitary rules and regulations, but a lot of provisions of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions contradict Federal legislation and do not provide for the regulation of public relations arising in the process of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being of population at all stages of arranging residential buildings and premises, therefore they require updating. International, national regulatory legal acts of a number of countries, regulatory legal acts of Russian Federation, establishing sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises, research studies carried out in Russia and abroad were used as research materials. A set of general scientific research methods: analytical, system-structural, comparative was a procedural basis of the study. Widening of the scope of sanitary standards and rules: extension of responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the document to the executive authorities, expanding the list of objects prohibited for allocation in residential buildings, measures to ensure a barrier-free environment for the disabled, requirements of inadmissibility of residential building destruction by mold, and others were suggested as the results of the study. Due to the fact that the problem of fresh air is common, the design indices of air and air exchange rate are proposed. Recommended changes regarding noise regulation assume the elimination of contradictions when correction coefficients are applied. Conclusions. Analysis of current sanitary and epidemiological requirements enabled to specify indoor environmental factors of the living space, originating from an interaction of outdoor environment, indoor environment of the living space and direct effect of the human himself and on which favorable living conditions depend, and elaborate on the reasons of violations of the established requirements. Suggested changes and additions corresponded to the main trends existing in international practice are aimed at specifying the provisions of the document, optimizing a number of standards, and eliminating contradictions. It is noted that regulation and monitoring of dwelling condition cannot be limited just by the indoor premises of the building. It is necessary to consider the living environment as a united system: human - residential unit (apartment, room, and auxiliary facilities) - building - surrounding grounds- microdistrict - residential area of the city.
The article presents the results of analysis of dynamics and structure of mortality of malignant neoplasms of population of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2002-2014. The results were calculated according data from table C51 "The distribution of the deceased by gender, age groups and causes of death" of Bashkortostan. To calculate statistical indices parametric, non-parametric and time series techniques were applied. On the whole, the dynamics of indices is comparable with national one i.e. insignificant decreasing of mortality is observed to 2014. The analysis testifies that during all analyzed both the "raw" and standardized mortality indices per 100 000 in average were higher in Russia than in the Republic ofBashkortostan. However, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, both in males and females increasing of mortality of malignant neoplasms of many localizations is detected. According prognosis estimates, decreasing of mortality of neoplasms in population of the Republic of Bashkortostan is possible.
Introduction. Autonomous sources of heat supply (ASHS) can make a crucial contribution to the level of atmospheric air pollution in settlements. However, emissions from ASHS in most cases are either not included in the summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution at all or estimated with significant uncertainties. The purpose of this study was a hygienic assessment of methods and results of accounting for emissions of pollutants from the ASHS of individual residential buildings when conducting summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution for settlements. Materials and methods. the original methodology of a phased survey of the city’s ASHS was used and the results of summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in 18 cities conducted using this methodology are presented. Calculations of single, average seasonal (for the cold period) and average annual surface concentrations of pollutants were carried out in accordance with current regulatory documents using the unified software for calculating atmospheric pollution (UPRZA) “Ecologist-city”. In all the studied cities a significant number of sources of atmospheric air pollution was established to be ASHS. In more than 90% of these sources, coal and firewood were used as energy carriers. The greatest excess of hygienic standards of atmospheric air quality was noted for benz(a)pyrene. In 15 cities, the highest calculated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant created by emissions from ASHS exceeded the maximum allowable single concentration (MACs). Limitations of the study are due to the fact that direct instrumental measurements to determine the characteristics of emissions from ASHS into the atmosphere are impossible. Conclusions. The area of the city’s territory where the estimated maximum single surface concentration of at least one pollutant exceeded the MACs, reached 45%, and the seasonal average concentration exceeded maximum allowable average annual concentration on 50% of the territory. The most effective measure to reduce air pollution by emissions from ASHS is the replacement of solid and liquid mineral fuels with natural gas. Unification of methods of accounting and inventory of ASHS as sources of atmospheric air pollution is required.
Introduction. One of the main reasons for the complaints of the population about the poor air quality is an unpleasant odor. The purpose of this study was to determine the sources of emissions into the air of harmful pollutants with an olfactory effect on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of official materials: complaints of the population, data on weather conditions, the results of the determination of pollutants at automatic stations, urban situation, data on atmospheric emissions of pollutants of the main enterprises and calculations of their dispersion. Material and Methods. The database included a map materials, 2171 meteorological data, 576 complaints, more than 100 thousand data about air pollution, information about the emission sources of pollutants and their dispersion for 13 industrial enterprises. The principles of geostatistical analysis, (inverse) weighted distance method, time-series study were used to process the data. Results. As a result of the time-series analysis of complaints about the presence of odors in the air, taking into account the recorded wind directions, there were determined areas of the alleged location of sources of emissions of pollutants with olfactory effect. They were the territories located mainly to the South, North-West, and North (smell of hydrogen sulfide), to the West and South (chemical smell) of the residential zone. The time- series analysis of hydrogen sulfide concentrations and recorded wind directions showed that possible emission sources are located to the South of the residential zone. Assessment of the composition and volume of emissions of pollutants of enterprises and calculation of their dispersion made it possible to establish the main source of release of pollutants with the smell of hydrogen sulfide to be the landfill of municipal solid waste. For the chemical smell, both other substances and directions of the sources can be defined approximately. Conclusion. The proposed approaches allow determining the areas of the location of the sources of emissions of harmful pollutants with olfactory effect into the air, and in some cases, the priority enterprise.
The air pollution has got a great risk to the health of the population. In the risk assessment, objective and subjective uncertainties have appeared. The aim of the study to analyze the uncertainties arising in the assessment of health adverse effects of air pollution and possible ways to decrease them. Methods of the scientific hypothetical deductive cognition, general logical methods, and approaches of researches: analysis, synthesis, abstracting, generalization, induction. In this paper, we analyzed the uncertainties arising in the risk assessment for the health of population caused by air pollution and proposed measures to improve the approaches to assessment and management of the risk. The analysis revealed the main causes of the uncertainties. In the field of the atmospheric air monitoring, they are lack of modern equipment and officially approved methods for measurement, the absence of criteria and recommendation for choosing of controlled air pollutants. For the health assessment, it is advisable to use epidemiological methods and methodology of risk analysis taking into account the uncertainties of each approach. Usage of the geographic information systems let increase the informativity of data and efficiency of analysis. Accurate quantification of the risk for the health of population caused by air pollution is a difficult to challenge. It is necessary to take into account the experience of developed countries in the development of domestic criteria for the selection of substances for the control of atmospheric air quality. It is advisable to combine the analysis of data on the actual concentrations of pollutants obtained at stationary and mobile observation posts, and integrated calculations of air pollution. It is necessary to use basic concepts of evidence-based medicine to identify the real impact of air pollutants on public health and reduce uncertainties. Conclusion. In the assessment of risk for health caused by air pollution a lot of objective and subjective uncertainties appear. Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, they should be comprehensively analyzed and minimized using modern methodological approaches, taking into account their capabilities and limitations.
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