This study has as its main purpose the structural optimization of plane frames in concrete, having as the objective function the minimum total weight of the structure. For this purpose, external actions, considered within the optimization process, are intended to represent accurately all effects observed in a real situation. In such manner, loads are dependent on the cross-section obtained in each optimization step, as well as the static and dynamic effects of the wind are considered for a more realistic representation. The optimization method adopted is the Teaching-Learning Based Optimization (TLBO). Thus, all proper design constraints were considered in accordance with Brazilian standards for concrete structures. From the results obtained in both situations (static and dynamic effects), it is possible to notice the difference regarding external actions, in which higher loads were obtained in higher floors, using the simplified dynamic model proposed in standards. Regarding the analysis of the structure optimization, the weight was higher when the applied forces were the result of the dynamic wind model, in which the larger cross-sections were found at the bottom of the structure. Even though this may be a well-known issue, the present work shows a quantitative study in which both effects are discussed in detail, as well as it features a methodology, based on a novel optimization method and with a straightforward implementation, that could be adapted for the analysis of more complex structures.
Resumo Opresente trabalho busca analisar numericamente a transferência de calor em prismas de alvenaria com blocos cerâmicos em situação de incêndio. Três tipos de abordagens foram consideradas: modelo homogeneizado com base na NBR 15220-2:2022, modelo detalhado com propriedades termofísicas constantes e modelo detalhado com propriedades térmicas variando em função da temperatura. Para o processo da homogeneização é proposto um programa denominado “THC NBR15220-2”. Esse programa foi desenvolvido em Matlab e calcula a homogeneização das propriedades segundo a NBR 15220-2:2022. Os modelos numéricos foram realizados utilizando o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) no software Abaqus. O incêndio foi simulado utilizando a curva padronizada ISO 834:1999. Foram coletadas as temperaturas na face não exposta ao fogo no tempo final de exposição de 4 horas. Os resultados mostraram que o prisma com maior número de vazios e menor relação área líquida e área bruta apresentou melhor desempenho térmico em situação de incêndio. O modelo detalhado com propriedades térmicas variando com a temperatura, como sugerido por normas internacionais.
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