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A gram-positive, nonfermentative, rod-shaped bacterium designated ST-5, identified as Rhodococcus, was isolated from Kuwait soil. Grown on hydrocarbon, such as kerosene and n-paraffin, the bacterium produced surface-active compounds (biosurfactants). Neasurements of surface tension, critical micelle dilution and emulsifying activity indicated that the biosurfactant is produced as a primary metabolite. The ST-5 culture surface-active component is mainly giycolipid in nature. Whole-culture broth dropped surface tension to values below 27 mN/m and was stable during exposure to high salinity (10% NaCI), elevated temperatures (120°C for 15 min) and a wide range of pH values. The culture broth was effective in recovering up to 86% of the residual oil from oil-saturated sand packs, indicating potential value in enhanced oil-recovery processes.

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Background Communication with patients has always been a major concern in nursing care. Invasive mechanically ventilated (IMV) patients suffer from a communication barrier due to the presence of the endotracheal tube (ETT), which makes them unable to communicate through speech. Aim The purpose of this review is to examine available evidence regarding existing knowledge, skills, perceptions and barriers to IMV patient communication in order to guide the development of strategies that enhance effective communication with these patients. Methods A review of the published literature was conducted between January 2010 and December 2016. Results The literature support clear and concise communication in all areas of care, especially when patients suddenly become speechless. Invasive mechanically ventilated patients want to be heard, have control over their treatment and contribute to decisions concerning their health. Conclusion There is a need for the establishment of an effective nurse -patient communication strategy, which may include determining the mode of communication used by the patient, waiting and giving time to allow a patient to participate in the communication, confirming the message that was communicated with a patient himself/ herself, and the use of assistive and augmented communication to support comprehension when needed.