Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of individual plastics such as polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), highdensity polyethylene (HDPE), and mixture of all three plastics (PP + LDPE + HDPE) were carried out in the presence of calcium bentonite as catalyst in a batch reactor to obtain suitable liquid fuel. The dependencies of process temperature, effect of catalyst, feed composition on yield of the fuel fraction were determined. The major product of both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis was condensable fraction in the temperature range 400-550 °C. The reaction rate, quality and quantity of the major products changed with change of temperature and catalyst concentration. The highest yield of pyrolysis liquid product was 88.5 wt% from PP, 82 wt% from LDPE, 82.5% from HDPE and 81 wt% from mixed plastics at 500 °C with 1:3 catalyst to plastic ratio. The oil obtained in this process was analyzed using FTIR and GC-MS for its composition. Fuel properties of the oil are evaluated to understand its uses as a fuel or chemical feedstock.
Epoxide ring opening reaction is a route that explains the chemical modification of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymers with nucleophilic reagent containing hydroxyl, carboxyl or amine groups. In this work copolymers of GMA have been modified by incorporation of bulky 9-anthracene carboxylic acid groups. The glycidyl methacrylate polymers were prepared by radical copolymerization of GMA methyl, methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate mixtures. The polymers were modified through epoxy functional groups in two steps: (i) the glycidyl methacrylate copolymers were dissolved in N,N-di-methyl formamide; (ii) 9-anthracene carboxylate salt was added to the copolymers solutions prepared in step (i). The structure of all the resulting polymers was characterized and confirmed by FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The presence of bulky 9-anthracene carboxylate groups in polymer side chain leads to different applications in the polymer industry and also a series of novel modified polymers are obtained.
Due to broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles have great application potential in disinfection of contaminated water. The aim of this research was the introduction of a fast and simple method titled as ''molten salt method'' for the production of silverdoped bioactive silica gel (SG) nanocomposite. In this method, SG was imposed into the molten salt of silver nitrate at 150 and 300°C for various times. Interestingly, molten salt method was not utilized any reducing reagent or other chemicals unless molten silver nitrate. The synthesis and fixing of nanoparticles into the support were done in \60 min. The prepared silver/SG nanocomposite was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, leaching test and antibacterial test. SEM images showed that the contact of SG with the molten salt caused the formation of nanoparticles on the SG. On the other hand, increasing the contact time, it led to a larger and increased number of particles. The antibacterial tests demonstrated that this composite is suitable for using as antibacterial material. The test of elution with water indicated that the prepared nanocomposite is stable and the amount of the released silver in the water was negligible.
In the present work, anodizing of zinc foil was investigated in NaOH and oxalic acid electrolytes under the influence of different concentrations of the electrolyte, while temperature and voltage were kept constant. Anodized zinc plates were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Characterization of anodized Zn plates using SEM showed that their morphology was significantly influenced by the type and concentration of anodizing electrolyte. XRD analysis indicated that the ZnO thin films were of hexagonal wurtzite structures. From contact angle measurements, it has been observed that the contact angle of anodized film is higher than that of pure zinc foil. Antibacterial results suggest that the parent zinc foil did not show the antibiotic activity, but the anodized zinc oxide is effective both toward Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria.
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