Using multiple quantitative analyses, we discovered microRNAs (miRNAs) abundantly expressed in visual cortex that respond to dark-rearing (DR) and/or monocular deprivation (MD). The most significantly altered miRNA, miR-132, was rapidly upregulated after eye-opening and delayed by DR. In vivo inhibition of miR-132 prevented ocular dominance plasticity in identified neurons following MD, and affected maturation of dendritic spines, demonstrating its critical role in the plasticity of visual cortex circuits.

Although the quality of quantum bits (qubits) and quantum gates has been steadily improving, the available quantity of qubits has increased quite slowly. To address this important issue in quantum computing, we have demonstrated arbitrary single qubit gates based on targeted phase shifts, an approach that can be applied to atom, ion or other atom-like systems. These gates are highly insensitive to addressing beam imperfections and have little crosstalk, allowing for a dramatic scaling up of qubit number. We have performed gates in series on 48 individually targeted sites in a 40% full 5 × 5 × 5 3D array created by an optical lattice. Using randomized benchmarking, we demonstrate an average gate fidelity of 0.9962(16), with an average crosstalk fidelity of 0.9979(2).PACS numbers: 03.67.Lx, 37.10.JkThe performance of isolated quantum gates has recently been improved for several types of qubits, including trapped ions [1][2][3], Josephson junctions [4], quantum dots [5], and neutral atoms [6]. Single qubit gate errors now approach or, in the case of ions, surpass the commonly accepted error-threshold [7,8] (error per gate < 10 −4 ), for fault-tolerant quantum computation [9][10][11][12]. It remains a challenge in all these systems to execute targeted gates on many qubits with fidelities comparable to those for isolated qubits [13,14]. Neutral atom and ion experiments have to date demonstrated the most qubits in the same system, 50 and 18 respectively [15,16]. The highest fidelity gates in these systems are based on microwave transitions, but addressing schemes typically depend on either addressing light beams [6,15,[17][18][19] which are difficult to make as stable as microwaves, or magnetic field gradients [2, 20] which limit the number of addressed qubits. In this report, we present a way to induce phase shifts on atoms at targeted sites in a 5 × 5 × 5 optical lattice that is highly insensitive to addressing laser beam fluctuations. We further show how to convert targeted phase shifts into arbitrary single qubit gates. These high fidelity gates are only sensitive to laser fluctuations at second order in intensity and fourth order in beam pointing. We demonstrate average single gate errors across our array that are below 0.004, and present a path towards reaching the fault-tolerant threshold.In previous work [15] we performed single site addressing in a 3D lattice using crossed laser beams to selectively ac Stark shift target atoms, and microwaves to temporarily map quantum states from a field insensitive storage basis to the Stark-shifted computational basis. While we use most of the same physical elements here, the crucial difference is that these new gates are based on phase shifts in the storage basis, and do not require transitions out of it. Non-resonant microwaves are applied that give opposite-sign ac Zeeman shifts for different atoms. A specific series of non-resonant pulses and global π-pulses on the qubit transition gives a zero net phase shift for nontarget atoms and a controllable net phase shift for ...

We demonstrate arbitrary coherent addressing of individual neutral atoms in a 5×5×5 array formed by an optical lattice. Addressing is accomplished using rapidly reconfigurable crossed laser beams to selectively ac Stark shift target atoms, so that only target atoms are resonant with state-changing microwaves. The effect of these targeted single qubit gates on the quantum information stored in nontargeted atoms is smaller than 3×10^{-3} in state fidelity. This is an important step along the path of converting the scalability promise of neutral atoms into reality.

In 1872, Maxwell proposed his famous 'demon' thought experiment. By discerning which particles in a gas are hot and which are cold, and then performing a series of reversible actions, Maxwell's demon could rearrange the particles into a manifestly lower-entropy state. This apparent violation of the second law of thermodynamics was resolved by twentieth-century theoretical work: the entropy of the Universe is often increased while gathering information, and there is an unavoidable entropy increase associated with the demon's memory. The appeal of the thought experiment has led many real experiments to be framed as demon-like. However, past experiments had no intermediate information storage, yielded only a small change in the system entropy or involved systems of four or fewer particles. Here we present an experiment that captures the full essence of Maxwell's thought experiment. We start with a randomly half-filled three-dimensional optical lattice with about 60 atoms. We make the atoms sufficiently vibrationally cold so that the initial disorder is the dominant entropy. After determining where the atoms are, we execute a series of reversible operations to create a fully filled sublattice, which is a manifestly low-entropy state. Our sorting process lowers the total entropy of the system by a factor of 2.44. This highly filled ultracold array could be used as the starting point for a neutral-atom quantum computer.

Background and Purpose: While the thrombotic complications of COVID-19 have been well described, there are limited data on clinically significant bleeding complications including hemorrhagic stroke. The clinical characteristics, underlying stroke mechanism, and outcomes in this particular subset of patients are especially salient as therapeutic anticoagulation becomes increasingly common in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic complications of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hemorrhagic stroke (both non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage and spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage) who were hospitalized between March 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020, within a major healthcare system in New York, during the coronavirus pandemic. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke on admission and who developed hemorrhage during hospitalization were both included. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with hemorrhagic stroke and COVID-19 to those without COVID-19 admitted to our hospital system between March 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020 (contemporary controls), and March 1, 2019, and May 15, 2019 (historical controls). Demographic variables and clinical characteristics between the individual groups were compared using Fischer's exact test for categorical variables and nonparametric test for continuous variables. We adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. Results: During the study period in 2020, out of 4071 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19, we identified 19 (0.5%) with hemorrhagic stroke. Of all COVID-19 with hemorrhagic stroke, only three had isolated non-aneurysmal SAH with no associated intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Among hemorrhagic stroke in patients with COVID-19, coagulopathy was the most common etiology (73.7%); empiric anticoagulation was started in 89.5% of these patients versus 4.2% in contemporary controls (p ≤ .001) and 10.0% in historical controls (p ≤ .001). Compared to contemporary and historical controls, patients with COVID-19 had higher initial NIHSS scores, INR, PTT, and fibrinogen levels. Patients with COVID-19 also had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (84.6% vs. 4.6%, p ≤ 0.001). Sensitivity analyses excluding patients with strictly subarachnoid hemorrhage yielded similar results.

Highlights A patient developed encephalopathy two months after a mild case of COVID-19. MRI Brain demonstrated extensive white matter lesions juxtacortically and subcortically. Workup for infectious, paraneoplastic, toxic process was negative. MBP was elevated, prompting diagnosis of post-infectious ADEM following COVID-19. COVID-19 patients without hypoxia may have post-infectious leukoencephalopathy.

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BackgroundOvarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in women worldwide. According to the National Cancer Institute, ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among all the reproductive cancers in women. Advanced stage diagnosis and chemo/radio-resistance is a major obstacle in treating advanced ovarian cancer. The most commonly employed chemotherapeutic drug for ovarian cancer treatment is cis-platin. As with most chemotherapeutic drugs, many patients eventually become resistant to cis-platin and therefore, diminishing its effect. The efficacy of current treatments may be improved by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemo/radiation therapies.MethodsThe present study is focused on identifying the differential expression of regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) between cis-platin sensitive (A2780), and cis-platin resistant (A2780/CP70) cell lines. Cell proliferation assays were conducted to test the sensitivity of the two cell lines to cis-platin. Differential expression patterns of miRNA between cis-platin sensitive and cis-platin resistant cell lines were analyzed using novel LNA technology.ResultsOur results revealed changes in expression of 11 miRNAs out of 1,500 miRNAs analyzed. Out of the 11 miRNAs identified, 5 were up-regulated in the A2780/CP70 cell line and 6 were down regulated as compared to cis-platin sensitive A2780 cells. Our microRNA data was further validated by quantitative real-time PCR for these selected miRNAs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was performed for the selected miRNAs and their putative targets to identify the potential pathways and networks involved in cis-platin resistance.ConclusionsOur data clearly showed the differential expression of 11 miRNAs in cis-platin resistant cells, which could potentially target many important pathways including MAPK, TGF-β signaling, actin cytoskeleton, ubiquitin mediated proteasomal pathway, Wnt signaling, mTOR signaling, Notch signaling, apoptosis, and many other signaling pathways. Manipulation of one or more of these miRNAs could be an important approach for ovarian cancer chemotherapy.