Every year, millions of people are added to the total number of mobile telephone users. The convenience of this device is indisputable but its safety remains inconclusive. Questions are still asked all around the world about mobile telephone safety and whether these phones pose a hazard to health. Electromagnetic waves (EMWs) are made up of linked electric and magnetic components moving together through space at the speed of light. The electric and magnetic components that form EMWs can be referred to as radiofrequency fields. The present work searched for the cytogenetic effect of EMWs emitted from mobile telephones and their relay stations. This was achieved using Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) and an examination of the sperm abnormality of rats. The data obtained revealed a marked increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte cells that were taken from bone marrow cells and sperm abnormality from the testes of rats exposed for 2 weeks to electromagnetic waves emitted from global systems for mobile telephone communication base stations and mobile telephone systems. The obtained results were significant at the statistical level. In addition, the frequency of micronucleus formation was more affected in the group of rats exposed to mobile telephone systems than others and remained high in the recovery group. Also, the frequency of sperm abnormality was more sensitive in the day group of telephone base station rats than others. In the present work, the results indicated that prolonged exposure to the EMWs emitted from global systems for mobile communication base stations or cellular mobile telephone communication causes clastogenic effects at the level of MNPCEs as well as abnormally shaped sperm.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of noise exposure on the histological structure of the adult male albino rat testes and evaluate the possible protective role of black seed (Nigella Sativa) oil on the histological structure of the adult male albino rat testes exposed to noise. This study was conducted to determine the injurious effects of noise on the testis and to show whether black seed oil has any modulatory effect on testicular injury. 40 adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Group A (control group) was kept in an environment free from noise as control group. Group B was exposed to 95 dB of noise for 4 hours daily for duration of 45days. Group C was exposed to 95 dB of noise for 4 hours daily for duration of 45days and given orally black seed oil (5 ml/kg/day) during the period of noise exposure.Group D was kept in an environment free from noise and given orally black seed oil (5 ml/kg/day) for duration of 45days. Histological study was performed on the testes using light microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Morphometric study was done to measure the height of the spermatogenic cells. The result of the experiment revealed that the spermatogenic cells of group B appeared distorted. Most of the spermatogenic cells had vacuolated cytoplasm. Some of them had degenerated mitochondria and abnormal nuclei. Most of sperms were markedly affected. Their detailed structures couldn't be recognized. Group C showed preservation of the structure of the testes as compared to group B i.e., the spermatogenic cells became easily recognized and were arranged in rows along the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules. They showed that most of the cytoplasmic vacuolations became absent but some mitochondria showed degeneration. Most of the nuclei of spermatogenic cells appeared similar to group A. There was significant decrease in the height of the spermatogenic cells in group B as compared to group A. In view of these findings, these data strongly suggest that noise stress had adverse effects on the testis of male albino rats. The administration of black seed oil protected the testis against the injurious effect of noise. The probable mechanism and usefulness of black seed oil in reducing the previously mentioned effects were possibly due to its antioxidant effects.
The present study was carried out to determine the genetic response of four different bread wheat varieties and their mutants for callus induction using mature embryo culture and salt stress tolerance and to assess the genetic diversity between them using ISSR markers. The results of the ability of callus induction revealed that differences among genotypes, callus induction media (CI) and their interactions were highly significant for callus induction frequencies (CIF). Also in relation to the callus fresh weight (CFW), the differences between genotypes and their interactions with media were highly significant, whereas insignificant differences were found between media after 14 at 28 days of culture. The best medium for CIF was CIM2 containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-D for all genotypes except Gemiza 9-1 and Sakha 93-3 had the best CIF of CIM3 containing 3 mg/l of 2,4-D. Seds 12-7 had the highest CIF, whereas Sakha 93-3 had the lowest CIF of CIM2. Gemiza 9-1 had the highest CFW, whereas Sakha 93-3 had the lowest CFW after 28 days of culture. The fresh callus produced after month was transferred to salt stress media at 10000ppm NaCl level. Giza 168, Gemiza 9 and Sakha 93 showed increase in CFW, whereas other genotypes strongly decreased. Sakha 93 and Gemiza 9 gave the lowest value of callus necrosis (CN) and the highest value of callus in vitro tolerance (CINTOL) at the 10000ppm NaCl level after 28 days on salt stress media. The salt stressed callus was tested for shoot induction ability; callus of Gemiza 9 and Sakha 93 showed the best shoot induction frequencies at 10000 ppm level. Days to shoot induction were decreased with the increase of salt levels compared to normal conditions. Transfer of shooty callus on plant regeneration media to be grown and development failed. The callus turned brown and some of the resulting growths were weak and white. The use of ISSR technique illustrated the genetic similarities between the wheat genotypes, which ranged from 0.638 to 0.979 with an average of 0.809, suggesting a high genetic diversity between the wheat genotypes. Cluster analysis performed to generate dendrogram showed that wheat genotypes had been clustered into two main clusters. From the previous results, we recommended that Gemiza9 and Sakha93 are good materials for salt stress tolerance of bread wheat breeding programs..
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