With the advancements in modern capitalism, significant changes have been made in its goals and instruments. Past crises and the experiences acquired by economic institutions gave rise to the development of a special pattern of consumption rooted in the industrial revolution. In the post-modern period, we can observe the rise of a new ideology which is going through its completing process very quickly and a large mass is gaining a new perspective and prestige in consumerist societies. Understanding a consumerist society helps us to find out what instruments and fighting strategies the ideology of consumption uses and to what it causes damage. The role of the media is very important in this regard because they help to create false needs using virtual methods. On the other hand, due to the close relationship between ideology and politics, the consumerism crisis in society can be politically managed with success. In this regard, it is necessary for the political managers to understand different dimensions of the existing crisis and the challenges of the consumerist society and to find appropriate scientific and practical solutions to the problem. The main purpose of the present study is to shed some light on the challenges of a consumerist society by analyzing the features of the ideology of consumption and to focus on the influential role modern human beings play in this society as consumers and to evaluate the political dimensions of management of consumption pattern.
Iran and Ottoman Empire, as two great powers with historical civilizations had mutual relationships for a long time. The constitutional era is of great importance in Iran-Ottoman foreign relations. The objective of the present study is to identify and assess the influences of political, social, economic and cultural conditions in Iran and the Ottoman Empire in constitutional era using a comparative approach. Reviewing the intellectual contexts of two neighboring communities and the presence of intellectuals and businessmen in both countries will aid further understanding of interactions as well as the causes of successes and failures of the Iranian and Ottoman constitution. Moreover, the concentration of written pro-constitution media in Istanbul and the special attention of Ottoman government to Iranian revolutionaries, activities of Iranian political communities in Anatolia and Istanbul, the role of embassies of two countries, the efforts made by Muslim intellectuals and scholars in both territories were effective in development of a comprehensive constitution during the rise and fall of the Ottoman and the Iranian constitution. Iran and the Ottoman had common enemies during constitutional era. They were involved with political, cultural, military and bureaucracy challenges in modernization process. However, they assumed their mirages real in their face-to-face mirrors. The present study reviews the similarities and differences between Iranian and Ottoman constitution using desk study method. It evaluates descriptively and analytically the influence of events and political currents of constitutional era as well as the political mirage caused by various factors of constitutional revolution on political and religious leaders of both countries.
Considering the geopolitical, geo-strategic and geo-economic characteristics of Caucasus region, it has been prone for conflict, tension and competition by regional and trans-regional powers from a long time ago. On one hand, the existence of a mosaic of ethnics and cultures in this region has always been a factor for attracting tribunal, social and political conflicts. The collapse of the Soviet Union, divided Caucasus into two parts of North and South. The states of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia were located in the South Caucasus and the other ones were located within the boundaries of Russia and called North Caucasus. South Caucasian republics made a lot of effort to achieve a new position in the region and regulate their foreign (political) bonds after independence according to their historical background and the emergence of a new political atmosphere in the region and the world. The fire of conflicts and tensions in the South Caucasus, the imbalance in the region, the frustration of some countries during the conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and Ossetia, resulted in a gradual divergence of Russia's Caucasian republics. In this condition, the way was paved for the presence of new players especially the United States of America and NATO. In this paper, the history of the Caucasus crisis and its impact on the security and geopolitical condition of neighboring countries and particularly Iran and the future conditions of the region is analyzed.
The international system is an arena for relations and interactions. Sometimes these relations are along with peace and sometimes with conflicts and tensions. Accordingly, countries use certain ideologies and policies that can lead to the promotion or demotion of their position in the international system. The collapse of the Soviet Union was a turning point for the change of the nature of the international system -from bipolar to unipolar-and also Russia's attempt to redefine its lost identity which prepared the ground for the influx of new discussions and approaches in the international arena. Seeking its lost identity, Russia came up with the reality that Atlantic Orientation and following the unipolar system not only did not solve its problems but led to its decline, disappointment and frustration at the internal and international level; therefore, with Putin's accession to power, another major turning point came in Russian foreign policies, which led to the improvement of the economic conditions in Russia following the increase in the oil price and Putin's strategic leadership and management. The policy and approach taken in Russia originated from the self-confidence it had built up. This not only increased Russia's maneuverability at the region but leveled the ground for its confrontation with America and challenging the unipolar system. As a result, adopting the Eurasian Orientation policy since 2000 not only caused Russia's attention to turn to Central Asia countries and Caucasus but has also promoted an aggressive or offensive attitude in the policies taken by this country. Thus, taking an Offensive Realism approach, the present study seeks to find an answer to this question: What is the role and effect of Eurasian Orientation policy on Russia's foreign policies towards America? The data for this study were collected by drawing on dissertations, libraries and research findings and analyzed using a descriptive analytic approach.
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