Current breast cancer therapy does not always work optimally, and cases of resistance have been reported. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new effective drugs with minimal side effects through predictions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway inhibition. Among chemicals with the potential as anticancer candidates for breast cancer are phenylthiourea derivatives. In this study, two phenylthiourea derivatives were synthesized: N- (4-methoxy)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea and N-(4-trifluoromethyl)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea. These compounds were docked with the EGFR receptor (code: 1M17.pdb) to predict their cytotoxic activity in silico using AutoDock tools. Furthermore, the microculture tetrazolium technique (MTT) was used to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. The in silico test revealed that the compounds N-(4-trifluoromethyl)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea and N- (4-methoxy)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea had a binding score of -8.2 and -7.3 kcal/mol, respectively, and the in vitro cytotoxic activity testing showed IC50 values of 0.37 mM and 0.38 mM, demonstrating significant EGFR inhibitory activity in MCF-7 cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that N-(4-trifluoromethyl)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea has better cytotoxic activity than N-(4-methoxy)-benzoyl-N'-phenylthiourea.
This study aims to prove that papaya seed extract has the potential to improve muscle cell atrophy in diabetic conditions. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) animal model were made with conditions similar to type 2 DM in humans i.e. with long-term (56 days) high sugar (fructose) consumption. Then, the next 14 days were treated with papaya seed extract at the dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW orally. Body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the study period. At the end of the study, histopathological examination of gastrocnemius skeletal muscle tissue was carried out using hematoxylin-eosin staining and measuring myocyte cell area. Results showed that there is a correlation between blood glucose levels with the area of muscle cells which explains that the decrease in blood glucose levels is in line with the increase in the area of muscle fiber cells. In the diabetic group and the treatment group the dose of 100 mg/kg BW has a smaller area, whereas in the treatment group the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW has an area close to the area of the muscle cell in the normal group. This is supported by the results of measurements of the area of muscle fiber cells observed through cross sections and measured at the end of this study. The treatment group at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not have significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the normal group. It can be concluded that papaya seed extract therapy at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW on diabetic rats can reduce the fasting blood glucose levels so that it can ameliorate cell atrophy in the diabetic conditions.
Objectives Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer patients indicate poor prognosis in disease progression. HER2 overexpression can increase activities of Ras-mitogen activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway and Janus Kinase (JAK)-STAT3, increasing breast cancer cell proliferation as demonstrated by marker Ki67. Therapeutic options for HER2-expressing breast cancer are limited and have major side effects, so anticancer development as an antiproliferative is needed. From previous research, synthetic chemical 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide (4TBCB) compound has cytotoxic activity in vitro on HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. This study wanted to determine the mechanism 4TBCB compound in inhibiting HER2 signaling through Rat Sarcoma (Ras) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. Methods Breast cancer cells were isolated from the biopsy tissue of breast cancer patients. The isolated cells were cultured and given 4TBCB test compound with three concentrations (0.305, 0.61, and 1.22 mM) and lapatinib 0.05 mM as a comparison compound. Cancer cell cultures were stained with monoclonal antibodies phosphorylated HER2 (pHER2), phosphorylated Ras (pRas), phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), and Ki67. The expression of pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, and Ki67 proteins was observed using the immunofluorescence method and the results were compared with control cells, namely cancer cells that were not given 4TBCB and lapatinib but stained with monoclonal antibodies. Results 4TBCB compounds (0.61 and 1.22 mM) and lapatinib can reduce pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, and Ki67 expressions compared to control cells. Conclusions 4TBCB compounds (0.61 and 1.22 mM) can reduce pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, Ki67 expressions and predicted to inhibit HER2 signaling through the Ras and STAT3 pathways in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells.
Introduction: According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2019, it is predicted that the number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) will increase by 51% in 2045 globally. DM leads to complications in all parts of the body and affects the quality of life. Prevention of complications has been carried out by Indonesian Health Insurance (BPJS) through the Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS), with the aim that chronic disease participants can achieve optimal quality of life, one of which is marked by controlled blood sugar levels. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of PROLANIS on patient compliance in taking the medication and controlling the patient's blood sugar. Method: The research method used an observation design for two groups of type 2 DM patients, (1) patients who participated in the Chronic Disease Management Program and (2) patients who did not follow the Chronic Disease Management Program, to then analyze the level of adherence and blood sugar levels on day 0. and the 30th. Data analysis using Chi-square test. Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that on the 30th day, the blood sugar levels of the two groups of patients with type 2 diabetes were different (p=0.019), the risk of uncontrolled blood sugar levels in the group taking the Chronic Disease Management Program was 0.53 times lower than the group. who did not follow the program (risk ratio=0.53). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a relationship between patient participation in the Chronic Disease Management Program and medication adherence so that it has an impact on controlling the patient's blood sugar levels.
Background: Raw honey is a natural ingredient which has a variety of nutrients that can be used for alternative treatments for peptic ulcer disease. This study was carried out to examine the antiulcer effects of Raw Honey against Aspirin induced gastritis in rats. Methodology: Wistar rats were separated into 6 groups. Aspirin suspension 200mg/kgBW was given orally to groups 2-6 for 2 days. Then, group 1 and 2 received carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), groups 3-5 were orally forced-fed with 3.5, 7, and 14mL/kgBW of raw honey, and group 6 received 100mg/kgBW Cimetidine. The tested animals were killed after receiving therapy for 15 days and the gastric mucosa was observed macroscopically of the ulcer index and microscopically through histopathological preparations. The antioxidant effect of raw honey was identified from the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Conclusion : Treatment with 7 and 14 ml/kgBW of raw honey promotes gastric mucosal repair based on the macroscopic and microscopic observations. Significant decreases in the levels of the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) was observed. Significance was defined as p<0.05 compared to the ulcer control group (Group 6).
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