The present study was undertaken to explore the free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) using DPPH, disc diffusion and brine shrimp lethality bioassay methods respectively. Different degrees of effect was noticed incase of different methods of study. In antimicrobial screening, G. glabra showed potent antimicrobial activity against almost all the test organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It exhibited highest sensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition 22 mm. The extract possessed potent cytotoxic activity having LC 50 value of 0.771µg/ml. On the other hand, the free radical scavenging activity was found moderate having IC 50 value of 87.152 µg/ml.
In this study, oils from Asarum heterotropoides were extracted by traditional solvent extraction and supercritical CO (SC-CO) extraction methods and their antioxidant activities along with antimicrobial and inhibitory activities against five human body odor-producing bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Micrococcus luteus, Corynebacterium jeikeium, and Corynebacterium xerosis) were evaluated. The oil was found to contain 15 components, among which the most abundant component was methyl eugenol (37.6%), which was identified at every condition studied in different extraction methods. The oil extracted with n-hexane and ethanol mixture exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (92% ± 2%) and the highest ABTS and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities (89% ± 0.2%). The highest amounts of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 23.1±0.4 mg/g and 4.9±0.1 mg/g, respectively, in the traditional method. In the SC-CO method performed at 200 bar/50°C using ethanol as an entrainer, the highest inhibition zone was recorded against all the aforementioned bacteria. In particular, strong antibacterial activity (38±2 mm) was found against M. luteus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the oil against bacteria ranged from 10.1±0.1 μg/mL to 46±2 μg/mL. The lowest MIC was found against M. luteus. Methyl eugenol was found to be one of the major compounds working against human body odor-producing bacteria.
Most of the health benefits of fish oil can be attributed to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids like Docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There are few dietary sources of EPA and DHA other than oily fish. EPA and DHA have great potential effect on human health. In this research, Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extracted mackerel oil was reacted by enzyme at different systems to improve the EPA and DHA. Different types of immobilize enzyme TL-IM, RM-IM, Novozyme 435 were assessed for improving PUFAs. Best result was found at non-pressurized system using TL-IM. Reacted oil particle were obtained with polyethylene glycol by gas saturated solution process (PGSS). Different parameters like temperature, pressure, agitation speed and nozzle size effect on particle formulation were observed. SEM and PSA analysis showed, small size non spherical particles were obtained. It was found that after particle formation poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were present in particle as same in oil. PUFAs release from particle was almost linear against constant time duration. Oil quality in particle not change significantly, in this contrast this study will be helpful for food and pharmaceutical industry to provide high EPA and DHA containing powder.
The oil in mackerel muscle was extracted using an environment friendly solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) at a semibatch flow extraction process and an n-hexane. The SC-CO 2 was maintained at a temperature of 45 o C under pressures ranging from 15 to 25 MPa. The flow rate of CO 2 (27 g/min) was constant during the entire 2 h extraction period. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) acid were present in the SC-CO 2 extracted oil. The oil extracted using SC-CO 2 exhibited increased stability compared with n-haxane extracted oil. Particles of mackerel oil together with the biodegradable polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) were formed using a gas saturated solution process (PGSS) with SC-CO 2 in a thermostatted stirred vessel. Different temperatures (45-55 o C), pressures (15-25 MPa) and a nozzle size 400 µm were used for PGSS with a 1 h reaction time. The stability of mackerel oil in the particles did not changed significantly.
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