• Abstract: Current and hydrographic properties sampled during three tidal cycles in December, 1991, were analysed The highest values of the along channel velocity for the flood and ebb varied f tom 50 cm/s to -100 cm/s, respectively, and these values lead the high and low water occurrence with a time 4tg of 1.0-1.5 hours. The secondary circulation (cross channel component) predominates towards east with speeds in midwater depths up to 30 cm/s. Towards the west the secondary circulation was ohserved only in the upper layer with maxima speeds close to -10 cm/s. Salinity variability indicates little vertical stratification and during the flood its highest value (34.5-35.0 0/00) lags high waters at time intervals of 1.0-2.0 hours. However, during the ebb flow the low water leads the salinity minima (29.5-30.5 %0) at time intervals between 2 and 3 hours. Although the studied region is part of a complex coastal plain estuary, the southem region of the Cananéia Sea was classified according to the Stratmcation-circulation Diagram, as partially mixed and weakly stratified (Type 2a). Its net motion reverses at 2.5 m depth and almost 100% of the upstream salt flux is due to turbulent diffusion.•
Background The World Health Organization recognizes exclusive breastfeeding a safe source of nutrition available for children in most humanitarian emergencies, as in the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the Brazilian national guideline protecting breastfeeding practices, there are many concerns about protecting infants from their infected mothers. This study aimed to analyze how the Brazilian hospitals and maternity services promote and support mothers suspected or diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional and multicenter study which collected data from 24 Brazilian hospitals and maternity services between March and July 2020. Representatives of the institutions completed a questionnaire based on acts to promote and support breastfeeding, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, and Brazil’s federal law recommendations. Results The results showed that in delivery rooms, 98.5% of the services prohibited immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their infants and did not support mothers to initiate breastfeeding in the first hour. On the postnatal ward, 98.5% of the services allowed breastfeeding while implementing respiratory hygiene practices to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Companions for mothers were forbidden in 83.3% of the hospitals. Hospital discharge was mostly between 24 and 28 h (79.1%); discharge guidelines were not individualized. Additionally, a lack of support was noticed from the home environment’s health community network (83.3%). Hospital and home breast pumping were allowed (87.5%), but breast milk donation was not accepted (95.8%). There was a lack of guidance regarding the use of infant comforting strategies. Guidelines specific for vulnerable populations were not covered in the material evaluated. Conclusions In Brazil, hospitals have not followed recommendations to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding during the COVID-19 outbreak. The disagreement between international guidelines has been a major issue. The absence of recommendations on breastfeeding support during the pandemic led to difficulties in developing standards among hospitals in different regions of Brazil and other countries worldwide. The scientific community needs to discuss how to improve maternal and infant care services to protect breastfeeding in the current pandemic.
Synopsis. .This work is based on temperature, sa1inity and current measurements conducted during the November-December 1980 cruise of the R/V "Prof. W. Besnard" of the Universidade de são Paulo. Measurements were taken on stations along a vertical section across the shelf break (S.B.) off the coast of paranaguá (26°30'S), Paraná, Brazil. Continuous temperature and salinity profiles were obtained with a P1essey STD 9040 unit.The current measurements at severa1 depths were taken over-the-side with a Hydrocean time-averaging (20 sec), Savonius type currentmeter. Conventional Nansen casts were also made in all stations and in additional stations prolonging the section oceanward from the S.B. and shoreward unti1 the coastline (Fig. 1). Figures 2-3 show, respectively, the temperature and salinity distributions. It can be seen, in an a rea of limited horizontal extension above the S.B., an upwelling of the cooler (T < 20°C) and less haline (S < 36 xlO-3 ) Sub-Tropical W ater (Emílsson, 1961). This water mass was found at depths of less than 30 m on the S.B. area, whereas, in stations outside the area, it was only found at depths greater than 70 m, over the sh e lf, or greater than 100 m on the ocean side of the S.B. A separation of the more haline Tropical Water mass (S > 36 x 10-3 ), Emílsson (op. ~.), in two distinct bodies is shown in Figure 3. In particular, the profi1es obtained in stations 4049 and 4050 exhibited an almost constant (lower) value ofsalinity between the surface and a depth around 70 m. This feature is in sharp contrast with the well defined halocline found ~n the profiles obtained in stations located outside the S.B. area.Two weeks earlier, it was also observed (Mesquita ~~ al., in prep.) in a similar section, using only Nansen casts, that the main body of the southward flowing Brazil Current (with salinities over 37 x 10-3 ) was located in aposition corresponding to St. 4052 and thus, from the present measurements, it seems t o have moved to a new position more than 50 km oceanward of its first pla ce leaving behind, at mid-depth, an apparent intrusion of Tropical Water which penetrated over the shelf fo r a distance of more than 100 km. A similar intrusion was also observed by Mesquita e:t al. (1979) in two vert ic al sections, with a l3-day interval between th em, in the northernmost area of Rio de Janeiro (Lat. 23°30'S).As it can also be se en, there were iuversions in the T and S profiies seeming to indicate the breaking of internai waves and/or an interieaving
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