Estrogen receptors (ERs) are members of 7-transmembrane receptors such as steroid hormone receptor subfamily, G protein coupled receptor family, and nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The amino acid sequences are different in types and depend on species (Kumar and Thompson, 1999;Kumar et al., 2011). There are two subtypes of estrogen receptor; ERα and ERβ (Kuiper et al., 1997;Barkhem et al., 1998). The genes encoding ERs located on different chromosomes, which are species specific. For example, ERα locates on chromosome 6th and ERβ on chromosome 14th in humans. In mice, ERα are on the 10th and ERβ on the 12th whereas ERα locates on the 1st and ERβ on the 6th in rats. ERα are on the 1st and ERβ on the 2nd in dog comparison to ERα on B2 and ERβ on B3 in cat.ERs consist of 5 domains; 1) N-terminal domain (NTD), 2) DNA binding domain (DBD), 3) Hinge region, 4) Ligand binding domain (LBD), and 5) Agonistantagonist distinct (C-terminal domain) (Lewis et al., 2002;Kumar et al., 2011). ERs-ligands interaction are attributed to changing LBD conformation. The binding affinity is calculated by measurement of the strength of the interaction between LBD and such ligands via
Hormone-related mammary gland tumors are among the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms in female dogs. Estrogen enacts its biological roles through specific receptors known as estrogen receptors (ER). In human medicine, anti-estrogen therapy has become the gold standard in ER-positive breast tumors' therapeutic regimen. The binding pocket of the canine estrogen receptor alpha (cERα) ligand binding domain comprises of three key amino acid residues including E354, G522 and L526, which stabilize the cERα-E2 interaction via hydrogen bonding. The side chain of E354 shares hydrogen bond interaction with the A ring of its natural ligand E2, whereas the main chain of G522 and L526 interact with the E2-D ring. The single mutation of the E354 aberrant, along with the hydrogen bond interaction between cERα and both ligands, leads to a variety of binding affinities. According to this in silico model, it may be concluded that E354 plays a role in the cERα activities. The effects of single mutants might need to be studied further in vitro and in vivo.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which is a member of the Circovirus genus in the family of Circoviridae, is a small non-enveloped, closed-circular ssDNA. The PCV2-associated disease is one of the most important infectious agents on pig productivity worldwide, including China, India, Malaysia, and Thailand. It caused 2 major syndromes; postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). In addition, PCV2 may cause complexity with a pathogenic agent into porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVADs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PCV2 in smallholder farms in Thung Yai district, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. A cross-sectional study was performed; 100 blood samples were collected from 13 smallholder pig farms. The samples were classified into 4 groups based on the pig’s age; gilts, 6 sows, nursery-to-starter, and from growing to finishing pigs. Blood samples were carried out for DNA +extraction and nested-PCR. The epidemiological study showed 9 % positive by genetic detection. The result suggested that growing-to-finishing pigs had significant PCV2 infection, followed by nursery-to-starter pigs and sow groups. In addition, multiple farms showed a high positive and significant correlation (Cr ≈ 0.245). These results reveal a low prevalence of PCV2 in endemic regions in southern Thailand, which may help in the local control evaluation and eradication programs. Furthermore, the phylogenic study of local strain should be investigated for the occurrence of PCV2 genetic evolution in Thailand and neighboring countries.
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