ReaxFF is a computationally efficient force field to simulate complex reactive dynamics in extended molecular models with diverse chemistries, if reliable force-field parameters are available for the chemistry of interest. If not, they must be optimized by minimizing the error ReaxFF makes on a relevant training set. Because this optimization is far from trivial, many methods, in particular genetic algorithms (GAs), have been developed to search for the global optimum in parameter space. Recently, two alternative parameter calibration techniques were proposed, i.e. Monte-Carlo Force Field optimizer (MCFF) and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES). In this work, CMA-ES, MCFF and a GA method (OGOLEM) are systematically compared using three training sets from the literature. GA shows the smallest risk of getting trapped into a local minimum, whereas CMA-ES is capable of reaching the lowest errors for two third of the cases. For each method, we provide reasonable default settings and our analysis offers useful guidelines for their usage in future work. An important side effect impairing the parameter optimization is numerical noise. A detailed analysis reveals that it can be reduced, e.g. by using exclusively unambiguous geometry optimizations in the training set. Even without this noise, many distinct near-optimal parameter vectors can be found, which opens new avenues for improving the training set and detecting overfitting artifacts.<br>

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Two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides "MXenes" have demonstrated great potential as electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. This is especially true for delaminated Ti 3 C 2 T x , which already shows outstanding gravimetric and volumetric capacitance, with areal capacitance limited by thickness (only a few microns). However, the performance of multilayer Ti 3 C 2 T x has been more modest.Here, we report on using metal cation (viz., Na + , K + , and Mg 2+ ) pre-intercalated multilayer Ti 3 C 2 T x as electrodes for aqueous supercapacitors. These electrodes are scalable and amenable to rollto-roll manufacturing, with adjustable areal loadings of 5.2 to 20.1 mg/cm 2 . K−Ti 3 C 2 T x exhibited the highest capacitances at different scan rates. A gravimetric capacitance comparable to that of delaminated MXene of up to 300 F/g was achieved for multilayer K−Ti 3 C 2 T x but with an outstanding ultra-high areal capacitance of up to 5.7 F/cm 2 , which is 10-fold higher than the 0.5 F/cm 2 of delaminated MXene and exceeds the 4.0 F/cm 2 of microengineered MXene electrodes.