Background: Primary neoplasms of the respiratory tract are rare in cattle, and they present with nonspecific clinical signs and are usually found at post-mortem. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma of the acinar type is uncommon, and information about this neoplasm in cattle is scarce. This paper aims to describe the clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a cow with this neoplasm.Case: A 10-year-old, adult, mixed-breed Holstein cow weighing 300 kg was referred to the Garanhuns Cattle Clinic of the Campus of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil, with a history of decreased appetite, tiredness, weight loss, and difficulty in breathing for two months. The animal had been treated at the farm of origin with enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and flunixin meglumine. The animal’s appetite improved, but no improvement in the respiratory symptoms was observed. On examination at our center, the cow was in an orthopedic position, with neck extension and elbow abduction; and it remained in a recumbent position. The cow had neutrophilia, normochromic normocytic anemia, and hyperfibrinogemia. The body condition score (BCS) was 1 (BCS ranges from 1 to 5), and the cow had moderate enophthalmia, serous secretions in nostrils, tachycardia, and tachypnea. It also had increased breathing intensity; increased breath sounds in the cranial regions of both lungs; areas of reduced breath sounds in the medial portions of the lungs; intermittent wheezing in the cranial region of the left lung medially and in the cranial region of the right lung medially; intermittent crepitations in the cranial region of the right lung medially; reduced thoracic expansion; and expiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary ultrasonography revealed hyperechogenic multifocal structures in both lungs. In view of the severe clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the owner opted for euthanasia. Necropsy revealed that there was a significant amount of yellow fluid in the thoracic cavity, and the cut surfaces of the lungs were covered with fibrin and pleural adhesions. The lungs had irregular surfaces with multifocal nodules of various sizes and firm consistency. The texture of the cut nodules was solid, and the nodules had a yellowish color. Histologically, the pulmonary nodules were composed of neoplastic cells. They were pleomorphic, infiltrative epithelial cells with little cytoplasm; large and spherical nuclei with abundant euchromatin; occasional anisokaryosis; visible nucleolus; and numerous mitotic figures. Results of anti-cytokeratin immunohistochemistry were strongly positive for cytokeratin in the lungs and lymph nodes. Discussion: The diagnosis of acinar pulmonary adenocarcinoma was based on clinical, laboratory, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Clinical signs and lung ultrasound suggested a severe respiratory disease. Pulmonary tumors are usually solid, and they show areas of central necrosis that resemble granulomas. However, the histopathological findings in the current case were compatible with a primary pulmonary neoplasm. Primary pulmonary neoplasms, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of weight loss, cachexia, and respiratory symptoms in adult cattle. The morphological pattern and the strong immunoreactivity on immunohistochemical examination were conclusive for a diagnosis of a primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma of the acinar type because these tumors specifically contain cytokeratin.
Trypanosoma vivax is the most pathogenic hemoparasite of ruminants, causing huge economic losses to the producer when prevalent in the herd. This study aims to characterize the trypanosomiasis in naturally infected cattle in order to assess the clinical findings, epidemiological risk factors, and diagnosis of this disease in outbreaks occurring in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, northeastern Brazil. For this purpose, historical and clinical examinations, blood collection and clinical monitoring were performed in 109 animals presenting illness for a period of one year. The main clinical findings were fever, apathy, anorexia, diarrhea, progressive weight loss, lymphadenopathy, pale mucous, incoordination, aggressiveness, abortion, decrease in milk production, and high mortality. Out of 109animals, 94% (103/109) were seropositive to Trypanosoma vivax by ELISA, 92% (100/109) were seropositive for IFAT, 15% (17/109) were positive in conventional PCR assay based on the cathepsine L gene, and 9% (10/109) showed the presence of Trypanosoma vivax trypomastigotes in stained-blood smears. In 13 samples, blood counts revealed that 69.23% (9/13) showed normocytic normochromic anemia and 53.84% (7/13) had leukocytosis, in 46.15% (6/13) neutrophilia and regenerative left shift. In 72 samples, the hematocrit, plasma protein, and fibrinogen were also examines. The hematocrit presented an average of 22% (10% to 37%), plasma protein a mean value of 7.55 g/dl (5.4 g/dl to 10.0 g/dl), and plasma fibrinogen a mean value of 700mg/dl (200mg/dl to 1600mg/dl). The sequencing of DNA samples revealed 100% identicalness to Trypanosoma vivax by BLAST analysis. The main factors involved in the spread of the disease were: the ingress of animals without prior tests and quarantine into the properties, application of oxytocin with shared needles contaminated by blood at the time of lactation, and the restriction of the disease in the lactation herd. The transmission of Trypanosoma vivax occurred through the sharing of needles among lactating animals during application of oxytocin after the entry of carrier animals in the herd. Serological tests demonstrated a high rate of seropositive animals, however, conventional PCR and blood smears revealed a low positive rate because the animals were already being treated with trypanocid drugs. It is concluded that trypanosomiasis is a disease to be considered in the cattle regions studied as the cause of outbreaks. Hygiene and security actions should be taken during the administration of oxytocin in lactating cows. In fact, this practice, when performed using shared needles and without disinfection, is the main risk factor in the transmission of trypanosomiasis in dairy herds among regions where the disease is prevalent, increasing the challenge of reinfection of animals.
ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão em dietas de bovinos de corte sobre suas frações de carboidratos e proteína, cinética de fermentação ruminal e produção de metano in vitro. A torta de algodão substituiu 0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1 kg kg-1 PB da proteína do farelo de soja em dietas, todas com relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 e isonitrogenadas. Foi utilizada a técnica in vitro de produção cumulativa de gases. Os níveis de substituição reduziram a proporção de açúcares solúveis (Fração A + B1), e aumentaram a fibra potencialmente degradável (Fração B2) e indigestível (Fração C), sem alterar os carboidratos totais. O aumento nos níveis de substituição reduziram os compostos nitrogenados não protéicos (Fração A), enquanto incrementaram a proteína verdadeira rapidamente degradadável somada à fração de degradação intermediária (Fração B1+B2) e a proteína indigestível (Fração C) nas dietas experimentais. A taxa de degradação dos carboidratos fibrosos apresentou efeito quadrático negativo aos níveis de substituição, sendo que o volume final de gases produzido não foi influenciado. A cinética de degradação dos carboidratos não fibrosos não foi influenciada pela substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela torta de algodão, assim como o tempo de colonização. Entre zero e 12 horas de incubação, as dietas influenciaram tanto a produção como a proporção de metano com efeito quadrático negativo. Os maiores tempos de incubação, entre 12 e 24 horas, produziram em média 73% da quantidade total de metano, sem apresentar efeito dos tratamentos. Não houve diferença na produção total de metano na MS incubada e na quantidade de energia digestível entre as dietas. A substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de algodão como concentrado protéico em dietas não influencia a produção de metano em 24 horas de fermentação.
This study aimed to investigate the energetic and hormonal profiles of dairy goats fed diets supplemented with monensin during the peripartum period. Eleven pregnant Saanen goats were subdivided into two random groups, a control group (GC) and the monensin group (MG). The MG group received 40 mg sodium monensin per animal per day for 15 days before partum and throughout the subsequent experimental period. Clinical observations and sample collection were performed at 30, 15, and 7 days before birth; on the day of partum; and at 5, 15, and 30 days after birth. The following biochemical and hormonal profile variables analyzed were: cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, fructosamine, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cortisol, and insulin. The ruminal fluid pH, chloride content, and volatile fatty acids were also measured. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) and Pearson's correlation. At partum, the MG group had lower values of NEFAs and lower acetate/propionate ratio. MG had higher triglycerides during the entire experiment period. The administration of monensin generated benefits in terms of energy parameters, improving the metabolic status of the dairy goats during peripartum.
This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and pathological findings of type 1 and 2 abomasal ulcers in cattle with different primary comorbidities. A total of 201 animals; 40/201 (20%) were young cattle under the age of two years and 161/201 (80%) were adult cattle over the age of two years, which were hospitalized for clinical care 152/201 (75,62%), 19/201 (9,45%) obstetric care, 17/201 (8,46%) surgical care and 13/201 (6,47%) for anatomopathological diagnosis, being euthanized or had natural death. The diagnosis of ulcers was based on the result of the post-mortem examination (macroscopic and histopathological analysis). Histopathological examination was performed on 201 fragments of ulcers and classified as type 1 or type 2. Of these, 193/201 (96.01%) corresponded to type 1 ulcers, of which 12/193 (5.97%) corresponded to subtype 1a lesions, 101/193 (50.25%) to subtype 1b, 77/ 193 (38.31%) to subtype 1c, 03/193 (1.49%) to subtype 1d, while 08/201 (3.98%) were type 2 ulcers. The ulcers were characterized by a focal, focally extensive, multifocal or diffuse inflammatory process, mainly by mononuclear cells. Abomasitis associated with ulcerated mucosa was found in 160/201 (79.60%). In 26/201 (12.93%) the abomasitis had diffuse foci of multifocal lymphocytic proliferation by atypical lymphocytes. Digestive and reproductive comorbidities were seen more frequently in cattle with type 1 or type 2 ulcers. The Subtype 1b focal ulcers and subtype 1a and 1b multifocal ulcers were more prevalent. In addition to the presence of comorbidities, most cases occur in the dry period, associated with feeding with higher amounts of concentrates and silages.
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