The purpose of this study was to analyse the frequency and type of mutations in the coding region of androgen receptor (AR) and to determine the role of polymorphisms in the intron 1 of ERalpha, exon 5 of ERbeta, intron 7 of progesterone, exon 7 of the aromatase (CYP19) and exon 9 of VDR genes in the risk of prostate cancer. PCR-RFLP analysis of all above the genes was on 100 prostate cancer patients and an equal number of matching controls. The study also included PCR-SSCP analyses of exons 2-8 of AR gene. The genotype containing -/- allele of ERalpha gene was statistically significant for the risk of prostate cancer pose (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.08-6.70, P = 0.032) Rr genotype of ERbeta gene also have a higher risk (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.52-5.23) for prostate cancer. The Cys allele of CYP19 gene was also associated with statistically significant increased risk of prostate cancer (OR; 2.28, 95% CI, 1.20-4.35, P = 0.012). tt genotype of codon 352 of VDR gene showed an OR of 0.43 for (95% CI, 0.13-1.39) and an OR for Tt genotype was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.36-1.16). Taken together, the results showed that in North Indian population, ERalpha and CYP19 genes may be playing a role in the risk of prostate cancer.

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To investigate the involvement of the CYP17, SRD5A2, CYP1B1, and CYP2D6 variants with prostate cancer, a case-control study of 100 patients and an equal number of age-matched control men was conducted. There appears to be a nonsignificant increase with risk of prostate cancer for individuals carrying one copy of the CYP17 A2 allele (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.99-3.29, P=0.05). The risk was increased in individuals having two A2 alleles (OR; 2.81, 95% CI, 1.06-7.40, P=0.03). Compared with men having the VV genotype of SRD5A2 gene, there was no significant association between the VL genotype and the risk of prostate cancer (OR; 0.54, 95% CI; 0.29-1.03, P=0.06). There was no difference in the occurrence of the genotype LL between controls and prostate cancer patients (OR; 0.90, 95% CI; 0.43-1.89, P=0.79). There was a nonsignificant increased risk of prostate cancer for individuals carrying the CYP1B1Leu/Val genotype (OR, 1.70, 95% CI, 0.91-3.17, P =0.09), which was increased in those having the Val/Val allele (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.13-10.07, P=0.02). Relative to men homozygous for the wild-type allele in CYP2D6 gene, those heterozygous for the B allele had an odds ratio of 1.78 (95% CI, 0.76-4.17, P=0.18) for patients, and for homozygous individuals, it was 1.95 (0.55-6.93, P=0.30). These observations have suggested that the CYP17 A2/A2, CYP1B1 Val/Val, and CYP2D6 genotypes may be associated with an altered risk of prostate cancer, while the CYP2D6 and SRD5A2 V89L polymorphism have no association with its risk in the North Indian population.

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One hundred and twenty specimens of eight cyprinid fish species included Barbus xanthopterus, B. kersin, B. barbulus, B. grypus, B. sharpeyi, B. luteus, Aspius vorax and Cyprinus carpio were collected from Shatt Al-Arab River in governorate of Basrah Southern of Iraq. The DNA fingerprints were identified using RAPD-PCR technique with seven decamere primers. A total of 223 anonymous scorable bands obtained by RAPD-PCR technique across eight cyprinid species genomes. The average of bands per primer was 32 bands, the size of bands estimated using the linear equation of standard curve plot of standard 100 bp ladder. The RAPD markers were used to obtain the similarity indices that were in high value among Barbus species since it ranged from 84.4% between B. xanthopterus and B. kersin to 52% between B. barbulus and B. sharpeyi. While the B. grypus appeared in high similarity indices value (86.9%) with luciscin A. vorax. While C. carpio exhibit high diversity indices value with the Barbus spp.. Therefore the phylogenetic relationships among the eight studied cyprinid species were clearly resolved in dendrograms, they clustered into three branches: the first one included B. xanthopterus, B. kersin, B, barbulus, while the second included B. sharpeyi and B. luteus and the third branch contained B. grypus and A. vorax. Nevertheless, when A. vorax data discarded, the B. grypus return to cluster with B. sharpeyi and B. luteus. Whereas C. carpio functioned as outgroup in both cases. The conclusion of the present study was: molecular patterns showed by RAPD bands represent specific DNA fingerprints and apparently are suitable tool to distinguish among cyprinids. The results clearly revealed that the eight cyprinid taxa are distinctive species. The studied Barbus species are divided into two groups, the first one included B. xanthopterus, B. kersin and B. barbulus which have European Luciobarbus affinities and the second contained B. grypus, B. sharpeyi and B. luteus which they diverged of Luciobarbus but still related to Barbus. So, the Barbus in Iraq is polyphyletic group.